Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz

For people with similar names, see Hussein bin Ali (disambiguation).
Hussein bin Ali
ٱلْحُسَيْن بِن عَلِي
King of the Arabs
Sharifian Caliph
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
King Hussein in 1917
King of Hejaz
Reign10 June 1916 – 3 October 1924
PredecessorOffice established
SuccessorAli bin Hussein
Sharif and Emir of Mecca
Reign1 November 1908 – 3 October 1924
PredecessorAbdallah bin Muhammad
SuccessorAli bin Hussein
Caliph
Reign3 March 1924 – 19 December 1925/4 June 1931
PredecessorAbdulmejid II
SuccessorOffice abolished
Born1 May 1854
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Died (aged 77)
Amman, Transjordan
Burial
al-Arghūniyya, the Noble Sanctuary, Jerusalem, British Palestine
Spouse
  • Sharifa Abdiyah bint Abdullah
  • Madiha
  • Sharifa Khadija bint Abdullah
  • Adila Khanum
Issue
HouseBanu Qatadah
DynastyHashemite dynasty
FatherAli bin Muhammad
MotherSalah Bani-Shahar
ReligionSunni Islam[1]
Military career
AllegianceKingdom of Hejaz
Service / branchSharifian Army
Battles / wars
Part of a series on
Islam
Beliefs
Practices
History
Culture and society
Related topics

Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (Arabic: ٱلْحُسَيْن بِن عَلِي ٱلْهَاشِمِي, romanized: al-Ḥusayn bin 'Alī al-Hāshimī pronunciationⓘ; 1 May 1854 – 4 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Qatadah branch of the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire,[2] King of the Hejaz, even if he refused this title,[3] from 1916 to 1924. He proclaimed himself Caliph[4][5][6] after the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924 and stayed in power until 1925 when Hejaz was invaded by the Saudis.[7] His Caliphate was opposed by the British and French empires,[8][9][10] the Zionists[11] and the Wahhabis alike.[12] However, he received support from a large part of the Muslim population of that time[13][14][15][16] and from Mehmed VI.[17] He is usually considered as the father of modern pan-Arabism.[18][19][20]

In 1908, in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution, Hussein was appointed Sharif of Mecca by the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II. His relationship with the Ottoman government deteriorated after the Committee of Union and Progress took power, particularly because of their policies of Turkification and persecution of ethnic minorities, including Arabs. In 1916, with the promise of British support for Arab independence, although it is debated as to what extent the British were influential in his choice, he proclaimed the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, accusing the Committee of Union and Progress of violating tenets of Islam and limiting the power of the sultan-caliph.[21] While his armies, led by his sons, were engaged in fighting the Ottoman and German troops in the Middle East, Hussein supported the Armenians during the Armenian genocide and saved up to 4,000 of them. In the aftermath of World War I, Hussein refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, in protest of the Balfour Declaration, a document supporting the Jewish settlers in Palestine, and the establishment of British and French mandates in Syria, Iraq, and Palestine. His sons Faisal and Abdullah were made rulers of Iraq and Transjordan respectively in 1921.

He later refused to sign the Anglo-Hashemite Treaty and thus was left in a very precarious position, the British decided progressively to stop supporting him after the proclamation of his caliphate and the refusal to sign any treaty with them. Thus, they decided to support Ibn Saud, who promptly launched an invasion of the Kingdom of Hejaz. In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son Ali bin Hussein. After Hejaz was subsequently completely invaded by the Ibn Saud-Wahhabi armies of the Ikhwan, on 23 December 1925, Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hejaz, the Sharifate of Mecca and the Sharifian Caliphate to an end.[a][22]

Hussein was then sent into exile to Cyprus, where the British kept him prisoner until his health deteriorated so much that they allowed him to go back to Amman, next to his son Abdullah I of Jordan.[23] He died in Amman in 1931 and was buried as a Caliph in the Al-Aqsa mosque compound.[24]

  1. ^ "IRAQ – Resurgence In The Shiite World – Part 8 – Jordan & The Hashemite Factors". APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map. 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.
  2. ^ Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 978-0-19-175030-4. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  3. ^ Representation Of Hedjaz At The Peace Conference: Hussein Bin Ali's Correspondence With Colonel Wilson; Status Of Arabic Countries; King's Rejection Of 'Hedjaz' Title. Paris Peace Conference 1919: Representation Of Hedjaz, Feb. 24, 1919, Manuscript Number FO 608/97-0068 The National Archives (Kew, United Kingdom)
  4. ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-7486-0684-9. OCLC 35692500.
  5. ^ Teitelbaum, Joshua (1998). "Sharif Husayn ibn Ali and the Hashemite Vision of the Post-Ottoman Order: From Chieftaincy to Suzerainty". Middle Eastern Studies. 34 (1): 103–122. doi:10.1080/00263209808701212. JSTOR 4283920.
  6. ^ Kramer, Martin (1986). Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 80–86. ISBN 978-1-59740-468-6. OCLC 1113069713.
  7. ^ "Hussein et la famille Hachémite". www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference :16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cox, Stephen Thomas (2003). The idea of an Arab caliphate in British Middle Eastern policy in the era of the Great War (Doctoral thesis). Durham University. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  10. ^ Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2017). Djihad 1914–1918: la France face au panislamisme. Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-07083-0.
  11. ^ Al-Momani, Nidal Daoud Mohammad (2014). "Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein". Journal of Human Sciences. 2014 (2): 312–335. doi:10.12785/jhs/20140213.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (5 May 2020). ""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح". جريدة الوطن (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023. وذكر الوثائقي أنه في 1924م، اندفع الشريف الحسين بن علي متشبثاً برداء النبوة ليعلن نفسه خليفة للمسلمين، فتلقى بيعة واسعة في الحجاز والشام، الأمر الذي زاد من غضب بن سعود، فكان إعلان الخلافة القشة التي قصمت ظهر البعير، فقرر بن سعود غزو الحجاز فوراً.
  14. ^ British Secret Service (29 March 1924). Jeddah Report 1-29 Mars 1924. Jeddah: British Secret Service. p. FO 371/100CWE 3356..
  15. ^ Kramer, Martin (1986). Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-59740-468-6. OCLC 1113069713.[page needed].
  16. ^ نضال داود المومني (1996). الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة.
  17. ^ Central File: Decimal File 867.9111, Internal Affairs Of States, Public Press., Newspapers., Turkey, Clippings And Items., March 22, 1924 – March 12, 1925. March 22, 1924 – March 12, 1925. MS Turkey: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1802–1949: Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Turkey, 1910–1929. National Archives (United States). Archives Unbound, link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5111548903/GDCS.GRC?pg=5. Accessed 17 May 2023.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ AL-Maaytah, Dr Khaled Salameh; Hjazeen, Dr Hazem Bsharah Naif (2024). "State Building in Ancient and Contemporary Arab Political Thought". Migration Letters. 21 (S1): 476–487. doi:10.59670/ml.v21iS1.6116. ISSN 1741-8992. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  21. ^ "Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916". Sayyid Ahmed Amiruddin. 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  22. ^ Peters, Francis E. (2017) [1994]. Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, New Jersey and Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1. OCLC 468351969. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  23. ^ Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)". Middle Eastern Studies. 55 (5): 733–755. doi:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895. S2CID 164473838.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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