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Hybrid warfare was defined by Frank Hoffman in 2007 as the emerging simultaneous use of multiple types of warfare by flexible and sophisticated adversaries who understand that successful conflict requires a variety of forms designed to fit the goals at the time.[1] A US document on maritime strategy said "Conflicts are increasingly characterized by a hybrid blend of traditional and irregular tactics, decentralized planning and execution, and non-state actors using both simple and sophisticated technologies in innovative ways."[2] While there is no clear, accepted definition, methods include political warfare and blend conventional warfare, irregular warfare, and cyberwarfare[3][4] with other influencing methods, such as fake news,[5] diplomacy, lawfare, regime change, and foreign electoral intervention.[6][7] By combining kinetic operations with subversive efforts, the aggressor intends to avoid attribution or retribution.[8] The concept of hybrid warfare has been criticized by a number of academics and practitioners, who say that it is vague and has disputed constitutive elements and historical distortions.[9][10][11]
- ^ Hoffman, Frank (2007). Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars (PDF). Arlington, Virginia: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
- ^ General James T. Conway, USMC, Admiral Gary Roughead, USN and Admiral Thad W. Allen, USCG, A Cooperative Strategy For Maritime Security, Washington, D.C., October 2007
- ^ Nyagudi, Nyagudi (31 March 2022). "Election Shenanigans Kenya Hybrid Warfare". Figshare. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ "Menacing Malware Shows the Dangers of Industrial System Sabotage". Wired. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ "It's the (Democracy-Poisoning) Golden Age of Free Speech". Wired. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ Standish, Reid (2018-01-18). "Inside a European Center to Combat Russia's Hybrid Warfare". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
[...] hybrid warfare: the blending of diplomacy, politics, media, cyberspace, and military force to destabilize and undermine an opponent's government.
- ^ "Defense lacks doctrine to guide it through cyberwarfare". nexgov.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
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