A hydraulophone is a tonal acoustic musical instrument played by direct physical contact with water (sometimes other fluids) where sound is generated or affected hydraulically.[1][2][3][4][5] The hydraulophone was described and named by Steve Mann in 2005, and patented in 2011.[6] Typically, sound is produced by the same hydraulic fluid in contact with the player's fingers.[7] It has been used as a sensory exploration device for low-vision individuals.[8]
^The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instrument. Publisher: Oxford University Press. Print Publication Date: 2016. The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments Vol. 2, Pg. 738, Edited by Laurence Libin Print ISBN9780199743391
^"Fluid Melodies: The hydraulophones of Professor Steve Mann" In WaterShapes, Volume 10, Number 2, Pp 36–44, New York, NY, USA. Volume 10, No 2, 2008 February
^Mann, Steve, Ryan Janzen, Jason Huang, Matthew Kelly, Lei Jimmy Ba, and Alexander Chen. "User-interfaces based on the water-hammer effect: water-hammer piano as an interactive percussion surface." In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction, pp. 1-8. ACM, 2011.
^Mann, Steve, and Ryan Janzen. Polyphonic embouchure on an intricately expressive musical keyboard formed by an array of water jets. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2009.
^Mann, Steve. "Acoustic, hyperacoustic, or electrically amplified hydraulophones or multimedia interfaces." U.S. patent 8,017,858, issued September 13, 2011.
^Mann, S. "flUId Streams: Fountains that are keyboards with nozzle spray as keys...", Proceedings of ACM Multimedia 2005, Pp. 181–190, Singapore.
^Nolan, J.; Mann, S.; Bakan, D. (2012). "First Splashes in the Frolic Lab: Exploring Play-based Learning, Water and Sound with Nessie the Hydraulophone". Children, Youth and Environments. 22 (2): 263–272. doi:10.7721/chilyoutenvi.22.2.0263. JSTOR10.7721/chilyoutenvi.22.2.0263.