Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide
Clinical data
Trade namesHydrodiuril, others
Other namesHCTZ, HCT
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682571
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: WARNING[2]Rx-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityVariable (~70% on average)
MetabolismNot significant[3]
Elimination half-life5.6–14.8 h
ExcretionPrimarily kidney (>95% as unchanged drug)
Identifiers
  • 6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.367 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC7H8ClN3O4S2
Molar mass297.73 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=S(=O)(N)c1c(Cl)cc2c(c1)S(=O)(=O)NCN2
  • InChI=1S/C7H8ClN3O4S2/c8-4-1-5-7(2-6(4)16(9,12)13)17(14,15)11-3-10-5/h1-2,10-11H,3H2,(H2,9,12,13) checkY
  • Key:JZUFKLXOESDKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hydrodiuril among others, is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension and swelling due to fluid build-up.[4] Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine.[4] Hydrochlorothiazide is taken by mouth and may be combined with other blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase effectiveness.[4] Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide medication which inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, causing a natriuresis.[4][5] This initially increases urine volume and lowers blood volume.[6] It is believed to reduce peripheral vascular resistance.[6]

Potential side effects include poor kidney function, electrolyte imbalances, including low blood potassium, and, less commonly, low blood sodium, gout, high blood sugar, and feeling lightheaded with standing.[4]

Two companies, Merck & Co. and Ciba Specialty Chemicals, state they discovered the medication which became commercially available in 1959.[7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] It is available as a generic drug[4] and is relatively affordable.[9] In 2022, it was the twelfth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 38 million prescriptions.[10][11]

  1. ^ "Hydrochlorothiazide Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  2. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  3. ^ Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M, Rosén A (May 1976). "Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of hydrochlorothiazide". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 19 (5 Pt 1): 531–537. doi:10.1002/cpt1976195part1531. PMID 1277708. S2CID 22159706.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Hydrochlorothiazide". Drugs.com. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference wright was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM (June 2010). "Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics". Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 8 (6): 793–802. doi:10.1586/erc.10.27. PMC 2904515. PMID 20528637. NIHMSID: NIHMS215063.
  7. ^ Ravina E (2011). The evolution of drug discovery: from traditional medicines to modern drugs (1st ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 74. ISBN 9783527326693. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015.
  8. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  9. ^ "Best drugs to treat high blood pressure The least expensive medications may be the best for many people". November 2014. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  10. ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  11. ^ "Hydrochlorothiazide Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.