Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3

HCAR3
Identifiers
Aliases	HCAR3, GPR109B, HCA3, HM74, PUMAG, Puma-g, Niacin receptor 2, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3
External IDs	OMIM: 606039; MGI: 1933383; HomoloGene: 130547; GeneCards: HCAR3; OMA:HCAR3 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 12 (human)
End	122,716,811 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 5 (mouse)
End	124,003,562 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	blood; ; granulocyte; ; gonad; ; spleen; ; monocyte; ; mucosa of esophagus; ; bone marrow; ; skin of abdomen; ; skin of leg; ; appendix;
	Top expressed in
	granulocyte; ; esophagus; ; lip; ; skin of external ear; ; morula; ; subcutaneous adipose tissue; ; skin of back; ; transitional epithelium of urinary bladder; ; trachea; ; skin of abdomen;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	G protein-coupled receptor activity; signal transducer activity;
Cellular component	integral component of membrane; cell junction; plasma membrane; integral component of plasma membrane; membrane;
Biological process	G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; signal transduction;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	8843
	80885
	ENSG00000255398
	ENSMUSG00000045502
	P49019
	Q9EP66
	NM_006018
	NM_030701
	NP_006009
	NP_109626
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 (HCA₃), also known as niacin receptor 2 (NIACR2) and GPR109B,^[5] is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HCAR3 gene.^[6]^[7] HCA₃, like the other hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors HCA₁ and HCA₂, is a G_i/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).^[5]^[8] The primary endogenous agonists of HCA₃ are 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and kynurenic acid.^[5]^[8]^[9] HCA₃ is also a low-affinity biomolecular target for niacin (aka nicotinic acid).^[10]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000255398 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045502 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b ^c Offermanns S, Colletti SL, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, IJzerman AP (June 2011). "International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXII: Nomenclature and Classification of Hydroxy-carboxylic Acid Receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B)". Pharmacological Reviews. 63 (2): 269–290. doi:10.1124/pr.110.003301. PMID 21454438.
^ "Entrez Gene: GPR109B G protein-coupled receptor 109B".
^ Nomura H, Nielsen BW, Matsushima K (October 1993). "Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a LD78 receptor and putative leukocyte chemotactic peptide receptors". International Immunology. 5 (10): 1239–1249. doi:10.1093/intimm/5.10.1239. PMID 7505609.
^ ^a ^b Offermanns S, Colletti SL, IJzerman AP, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, et al. "Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
^ Kapolka NJ, Taghon GJ, Rowe JB, Morgan WM, Enten JF, Lambert NA, et al. (June 2020). "DCyFIR: a high-throughput CRISPR platform for multiplexed G protein-coupled receptor profiling and ligand discovery". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (23): 13117–13126. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713117K. doi:10.1073/pnas.2000430117. PMC 7293659. PMID 32434907.
^ Peters A, Krumbholz P, Jäger E, Heintz-Buschart A, Çakir MV, Rothemund S, et al. (May 2019). "Metabolites of lactic acid bacteria present in fermented foods are highly potent agonists of human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3". PLoS Genetics. 15 (5): e1008145. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008145. PMC 6532841. PMID 31120900.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000255398 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045502 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[IUPHAR's_comprehensive_2011_review_on_HCARs-5] Offermanns S, Colletti SL, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, IJzerman AP (June 2011). "International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXII: Nomenclature and Classification of Hydroxy-carboxylic Acid Receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B)". Pharmacological Reviews. 63 (2): 269–290. doi:10.1124/pr.110.003301. PMID 21454438.

[entrez-6] "Entrez Gene: GPR109B G protein-coupled receptor 109B".

[pmid7505609-7] Nomura H, Nielsen BW, Matsushima K (October 1993). "Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a LD78 receptor and putative leukocyte chemotactic peptide receptors". International Immunology. 5 (10): 1239–1249. doi:10.1093/intimm/5.10.1239. PMID 7505609.

[IUPHAR-DB_HCAR_family_page-8] Offermanns S, Colletti SL, IJzerman AP, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, et al. "Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 13 July 2018.

[9] Kapolka NJ, Taghon GJ, Rowe JB, Morgan WM, Enten JF, Lambert NA, et al. (June 2020). "DCyFIR: a high-throughput CRISPR platform for multiplexed G protein-coupled receptor profiling and ligand discovery". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (23): 13117–13126. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713117K. doi:10.1073/pnas.2000430117. PMC 7293659. PMID 32434907.

[10] Peters A, Krumbholz P, Jäger E, Heintz-Buschart A, Çakir MV, Rothemund S, et al. (May 2019). "Metabolites of lactic acid bacteria present in fermented foods are highly potent agonists of human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3". PLoS Genetics. 15 (5): e1008145. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008145. PMC 6532841. PMID 31120900.

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