Hypochondriasis

"Hypochondriac" redirects here. For other uses, see Hypochondriac (disambiguation).

Hypochondriasis
Other namesHypochondria, health anxiety (HA), illness anxiety disorder, somatic symptom disorder
Physically ill man on a bed being tended by someone
Honoré Daumier, The Imaginary Illness (c. 1860–1862)
SpecialtyPsychiatry, psychology Edit this on Wikidata
SymptomsExcessive and persistent fear of, or preoccupation with, having or developing a severe illness; excessive health care seeking
Usual onsetEarly childhood
Differential diagnosispanic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder
TreatmentCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
MedicationSSRI, antidepressants
Prognosis~50% meet criteria after ~1-5 years
Frequency~5%

Hypochondriasis or hypochondria is a condition in which a person is excessively and unduly worried about having a serious illness. Hypochondria is an old concept whose meaning has repeatedly changed over its lifespan.[1] It has been claimed that this debilitating condition results from an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical diagnosis.[2] An individual with hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac. Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect, no matter how minor the symptom may be, and are convinced that they have, or are about to be diagnosed with, a serious illness.[3]

Often, hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or, if there is a medical illness, their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease. It is also referred to hypochondriaism which is the act of being in a hypochondriatic state, acute hypochondriaism.[4] Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying, such as gastro-intestinal problems, palpitations, or muscle fatigue. To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least six months.[5]

International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) classifies hypochondriasis as a mental and behavioral disorder.[6] In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV-TR defined the disorder "Hypochondriasis" as a somatoform disorder[7] and one study has shown it to affect about 3% of the visitors to primary care settings.[8] The 2013 DSM-5 replaced the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of somatic symptom disorder (75%) and illness anxiety disorder (25%).[9][10]

Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness, constant self-examination and self-diagnosis, and a preoccupation with one's body. Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors' diagnosis, and report that doctors’ reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing, or short-lasting. Additionally, many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure, stress, and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility, a condition known as "white coat syndrome". Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance, either from doctors, family, or friends, and the disorder can become a debilitating challenge for the individual with hypochondriasis, as well as their family and friends.[11] Some individuals with hypochondria completely avoid any reminder of illness, whereas others frequently visit medical facilities, sometimes obsessively.[12] Some may never speak about it.

A research based on 41,190 people, and published in December 2023 by JAMA Psychiatry, found that people suffering from hypochondriasis had a five-year shorter life expectancy compared to those without symptoms.[13]

  1. ^ Berrios GE (2001) Hypochondriasis. History of the Concept. In Starcevic V & Lipsitt DR (eds). Hypochondriasis. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp3-20.
  2. ^ Avia MD, Ruiz MA (2005). "Recommendations for the Treatment of Hypochondriac Patients". Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 35 (3): 301–13. doi:10.1007/s10879-005-4322-3. S2CID 28529570.
  3. ^ Kring AM, Davison GC, Neale JM, Johnson SL (2007). Abnormal Psychology with Cases (10th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-71260-2.[page needed]
  4. ^ Shan-Tilly[full citation needed]
  5. ^ Goldberg RJ (2007). Practical Guide to the Care of the Psychiatric Patient. Mosby/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-03683-2.[page needed]
  6. ^ Drs; Sartorius N, Henderson A, Strotzka H, Lipowski Z, Yu-cun S, You-xin X, Strömgren E, Glatzel J, Kühne GE, Misès R, Soldatos C, Pull C, Giel R, Jegede R, Malt U, Nadzharov R, Smulevitch A, Hagberg B, Perris C, Scharfetter C, Clare A, Cooper J, Corbett J, Griffith Edwards J, Gelder M, Goldberg D, Gossop M, Graham P, Kendell R, Marks I, Russell G, Rutter M, Shepherd M, West D, Wing J, Wing L, Neki J, Benson F, Cantwell D, Guze S, Helzer J, Holzman P, Kleinman A, Kupfer D, Mezzich J, Spitzer R, Lokar J. "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" (PDF). www.who.int World Health Organization. Microsoft Word. bluebook.doc. p. 116. Retrieved 23 June 2021 – via Microsoft Bing.
  7. ^ American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revised, Washington, DC, APA, 2000.[page needed]
  8. ^ Escobar JI, Gara M, Waitzkin H, Silver RC, Holman A, Compton W (May 1998). "DSM-IV hypochondriasis in primary care" (PDF). General Hospital Psychiatry. 20 (3): 155–9. doi:10.1016/S0163-8343(98)00018-8. PMID 9650033. S2CID 597107.
  9. ^ "DSM-5 redefines hypochondriasis - Mayo Clinic". Mayo Clinic.
  10. ^ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
  11. ^ Olatunji BO, Etzel EN, Tomarken AJ, Ciesielski BG, Deacon B (November 2011). "The effects of safety behaviors on health anxiety: an experimental investigation". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 49 (11): 719–28. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.008. PMID 21839987.
  12. ^ "Illness anxiety disorder". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  13. ^ Mataix-Cols D, Isomura K, Sidorchuk A (2024). "All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Individuals With Hypochondriasis". JAMA Psychiatry. 81 (3): 284–291. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4744. PMC 10719832. PMID 38091000. Retrieved 24 January 2024.