| Hypokalemia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hypokalaemia, hypopotassaemia, hypopotassemia |
 | |
| An ECG in a person with a potassium level of 1.1 meq/L showing the classical changes of ST segment depression, inverted T waves, large U waves, and a slightly prolonged PR interval. | |
| Specialty | Critical care medicine |
| Symptoms | Feeling tired, leg cramps, weakness, constipation, abnormal heart rhythm[1] |
| Complications | Cardiac arrest[1] |
| Causes | Diarrhea, medications like furosemide and steroids, dialysis, diabetes insipidus, hyperaldosteronism, hypomagnesemia, not enough intake in the diet[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood potassium < 3.5 mmol/L[1][2] |
| Treatment | Dietary changes, potassium supplements, based on the underlying cause[3] |
| Frequency | 20% of people admitted to hospital[4] |
Hypokalemia is a low level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum.[1] Mild low potassium does not typically cause symptoms.[3] Symptoms may include feeling tired, leg cramps, weakness, and constipation.[1] Low potassium also increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, which is often too slow and can cause cardiac arrest.[1][3]
Causes of hypokalemia include vomiting, diarrhea, medications like furosemide and steroids, dialysis, diabetes insipidus, hyperaldosteronism, hypomagnesemia, and not enough intake in the diet.[1] Normal potassium levels in humans are between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L (3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L) with levels below 3.5 mmol/L defined as hypokalemia.[1][2] It is classified as severe when levels are less than 2.5 mmol/L.[1] Low levels may also be suspected based on an electrocardiogram (ECG).[1] The opposite state is called hyperkalemia that means high level of potassium in the blood serum.[1]
The speed at which potassium should be replaced depends on whether or not there are symptoms or abnormalities on an electrocardiogram.[1] Potassium levels that are only slightly below the normal range can be managed with changes in the diet.[3] Lower levels of potassium require replacement with supplements either taken by mouth or given intravenously.[3] If given intravenously, potassium is generally replaced at rates of less than 20 mmol/hour.[1] Solutions containing high concentrations of potassium (>40 mmol/L) should generally be given using a central venous catheter.[3] Magnesium replacement may also be required.[1]
Hypokalemia is one of the most common water–electrolyte imbalances.[4] It affects about 20% of people admitted to hospital.[4] The word hypokalemia comes from hypo- 'under' + kalium 'potassium' + -emia 'blood condition'.[5]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, Bierens JJ, Brugger H, Deakin CD, Dunning J, Georgiou M, Handley AJ, Lockey DJ, Paal P, Sandroni C, Thies KC, Zideman DA, Nolan JP (October 2010). "European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution". Resuscitation. 81 (10): 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015. PMID 20956045.
- ^ a b Pathy MJ (2006). "Appendix 1: Conversion of SI Units to Standard Units". Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine. Vol. 2 (4. ed.). Chichester: Wiley. p. Appendix. doi:10.1002/047009057X.app01. ISBN 978-0-470-09055-8.
- ^ a b c d e f Zieg J, Gonsorcikova L, Landau D (July 2016). "Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children". Acta Paediatrica. 105 (7): 762–72. doi:10.1111/apa.13398. PMID 26972906. S2CID 19579505.
- ^ a b c Marx J, Walls R, Hockberger R (2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice (8 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1639. ISBN 978-1-4557-4987-4. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15.
- ^ Herlihy B (2014). The Human Body in Health and Illness. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 487. ISBN 978-1-4557-5642-1. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01.