ILC2

A flow diagram of the different development pathways for the 5 subsets of ILC cell, starting from the common lymphoid progenitor, including the different transcription factors they each require for development
Schematic diagram of the development of ILCs, mainly based on mouse differentiation pathways.[1]

ILC2 cells, or type 2 innate lymphoid cells are a type of innate lymphoid cell. Not to be confused with the ILC. They are derived from common lymphoid progenitor and belong to the lymphoid lineage. These cells lack antigen specific B or T cell receptor because of the lack of recombination activating gene.[2] ILC2s produce type 2 cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13) and are involved in responses to helminths, allergens,[3] some viruses, such as influenza virus[4] and cancer.[5][6][7]

The cell type was first described in 2001 as non-B/non-T cells, which produced IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and expressed MHC class II and CD11c.[8] In 2006, a similar cell population was identified in a case of helminthic infection.[9] The name "ILC2" was not proposed until 2013.[10] They were previously identified in literature as natural helper cells,[11] nuocytes,[12] or innate helper 2 cells.[13] It is believed that ILC2s are rather old cell type with ancestor populations emerging in lamprey and bony fish.[14]

  1. ^ Vivier E, Artis D, Colonna M, Diefenbach A, Di Santo JP, Eberl G, et al. (August 2018). "Innate Lymphoid Cells: 10 Years On". Cell. 174 (5): 1054–1066. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.017. PMID 30142344.
  2. ^ Spits H, Cupedo T (2012). "Innate lymphoid cells: emerging insights in development, lineage relationships, and function". Annual Review of Immunology. 30: 647–75. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075053. PMID 22224763.
  3. ^ Doherty TA, Broide DH (January 2019). "Airway innate lymphoid cells in the induction and regulation of allergy". Allergology International. 68 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2018.11.001. PMC 6614863. PMID 30473412.
  4. ^ Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, Abt MC, Alenghat T, Ziegler CG, Doering TA, et al. (November 2011). "Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus". Nature Immunology. 12 (11): 1045–54. doi:10.1038/ni.2131. PMC 3320042. PMID 21946417.
  5. ^ Wagner, Marek; Ealey, Kafi N.; Tetsu, Hiroe; Kiniwa, Tsuyoshi; Motomura, Yasutaka; Moro, Kazuyo; Koyasu, Shigeo (February 2020). "Tumor-Derived Lactic Acid Contributes to the Paucity of Intratumoral ILC2s". Cell Reports. 30 (8): 2743–2757.e5. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.103. hdl:11250/2763785. PMID 32101749.
  6. ^ Wagner, Marek; Koyasu, Shigeo (May 2019). "Cancer Immunoediting by Innate Lymphoid Cells". Trends in Immunology. 40 (5): 415–430. doi:10.1016/j.it.2019.03.004. PMID 30992189. S2CID 119093972.
  7. ^ Wagner, Marek; Moro, Kazuyo; Koyasu, Shigeo (May 2017). "Plastic Heterogeneity of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Cancer". Trends in Cancer. 3 (5): 326–335. doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2017.03.008. PMID 28718410.
  8. ^ Fort MM, Cheung J, Yen D, Li J, Zurawski SM, Lo S, et al. (December 2001). "IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo". Immunity. 15 (6): 985–95. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00243-6. PMID 11754819.
  9. ^ Fallon PG, Ballantyne SJ, Mangan NE, Barlow JL, Dasvarma A, Hewett DR, et al. (April 2006). "Identification of an interleukin (IL)-25-dependent cell population that provides IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 203 (4): 1105–16. doi:10.1084/jem.20051615. PMC 2118283. PMID 16606668.
  10. ^ Lund S, Walford HH, Doherty TA (November 2013). "Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Disease". Current Immunology Reviews. 9 (4): 214–221. doi:10.2174/1573395510666140304235916. PMC 4033554. PMID 24876829.
  11. ^ Moro K, Yamada T, Tanabe M, Takeuchi T, Ikawa T, Kawamoto H, et al. (January 2010). "Innate production of T(H)2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+) lymphoid cells". Nature. 463 (7280): 540–4. doi:10.1038/nature08636. PMID 20023630. S2CID 4420895.
  12. ^ Neill DR, Wong SH, Bellosi A, Flynn RJ, Daly M, Langford TK, et al. (April 2010). "Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity". Nature. 464 (7293): 1367–70. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1367N. doi:10.1038/nature08900. PMC 2862165. PMID 20200518.
  13. ^ Price AE, Liang HE, Sullivan BM, Reinhardt RL, Eisley CJ, Erle DJ, et al. (June 2010). "Systemically dispersed innate IL-13-expressing cells in type 2 immunity". Proc Natl Acad Sci. 107 (25): 11489–94. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003988107. PMC 2895098. PMID 20534524.
  14. ^ Vivier, Eric; van de Pavert, Serge A; Cooper, Max D; Belz, Gabrielle T (2016-06-21). "The evolution of innate lymphoid cells". Nature Immunology. 17 (7): 790–794. doi:10.1038/ni.3459. ISSN 1529-2908. PMC 5287353. PMID 27328009.