ISS-RapidScat

Depiction of ISS-RapidScat's location on ISS and its operation
ISS-RapidScat data from October 2014
ISS-RapidScat returned data on weather like Typhoon Vongfong, pictured here as seen from ISS in 2014

ISS-RapidScat was an instrument mounted to the International Space Station's Columbus module that measured wind speeds.[1] It was launched aboard SpaceX CRS-4 in September 2014 and operated until August 2016.[1] ISS-RapidScat was a scatterometer designed to support weather forecasting by bouncing microwaves off the ocean's surface to measure wind speed via wind waves.[1] It featured a 75 cm (30 in) rotating radar dish that operated at 13.4 GHz (Ku band).[2] It could collect data between 51.6 degrees north and south latitude, with a swath 900 km wide (560 mi).[3]

The ISS-RapidScat program was initiated in response to the failure of the QuikSCAT satellite's antenna rotation mechanism in November 2009. While the spacecraft continued to function, it could only gather data in one direction, significantly limiting its data collection ability. ISS-RapidScat was built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory from elements of QuikSCAT's SeaWinds instrument engineering model, originally used to validate that instrument's flight hardware prior to its launch in 1999.[4] It was constructed in 18 months; re-using the QuikScat hardware had the double benefit of reducing cost and using already flight-proven hardware that functioned well in orbit.[5]

ISS-RapidScat was very similar to QuikSCAT in functionality. However, the instrument suffered due to peculiarities of the International Space Station, such as the station's varying altitude due to increased drag, its variable orientation due to the demands of visiting spacecraft, and its lack of a Sun-synchronous orbit.[2] By the time of ISS-RapidScat's launch, the European Space Agency's MetOp series were the only two satellites with fully functioning scatterometers in orbit.[6] Some of these peculiarities were also advantages. Its mid-latitude orbit meant it was able to collect data about the same spot on Earth at different times of day, whereas the Sun-synchronous orbits used by other scatterometer-equipped spacecraft would re-visit the same location on Earth at the same time daily. This allowed scientists to study how the wind changes at one location over the course of a day.[5] This orbit also gives better coverage of the tropics, and by crossing the orbit of other satellites, it was able to observe the same area at the same time as them, allowing for cross-calibration between the different data sets.[3]

Objectives of the ISS-RapidScat program were to mitigate the loss of and provide continuity of wind data products from the QuikSCAT SeaWinds instrument, to serve as a calibration standard for the international constellation of scatterometer-equipped satellites, and to sample the diurnal and semi-diurnal wind variations that occur between ISS flight latitudes at least every two months.[4][2]

The scatterometer was launched as external cargo aboard the SpaceX CRS-4 mission on 21 September 2014, attached to the unpressurized section of the Dragon capsule.[1] Dragon was berthed to the station on 23 September.[7] The instrument was removed from Dragon, robotically assembled and attached to Columbus between 29 and 30 September. It was powered up on 1 October and immediately began gathering data, which was first processed into an uncalibrated product on 3 October.[8] ISS-RapidScat was declared fully operational and its data products properly calibrated on 10 November.[9]

One of ISS-RapidScat's first observations was of Tropical Storm Simon off the coast of the Baja California Peninsula on 3 October 2014.[8] It also played a role in observing the Category 5 Hurricane Patricia in October 2015, which was noted as one of the most powerful hurricanes on record, with maximum sustained winds of 185 kn (343 km/h; 213 mph).[10][11] Data from ISS-RapidScat was disseminated worldwide for use in weather forecasting, and was used by the United States Navy, NOAA, and EUMETSAT, among others.[10]

  1. ^ a b c d Rodriguez, Joshua (29 October 2013). "Watching Earth's Winds, On a Shoestring". NASA. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Martin, Seelye (2014). An Introduction to Ocean Remote Sensing (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 334, 355. ISBN 978-1-107-01938-6.
  3. ^ a b "ISS-RapidScat" (PDF). NASA Facts. NASA. September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  4. ^ a b Silberg, Bob; Rasmussen, Carol; Falcon, Peter; Boland, Stacey (September–October 2014). "ISS-RapidScat: Measuring Ocean Winds from the International Space Station" (PDF). The Earth Observer. 26 (5): 4–9. NP-2014-1-117-GSFC.
  5. ^ a b Rasmussen, Carol (18 September 2014). "Five Things About NASA's ISS-RapidScat". NASA. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  6. ^ Rasmussen, Carol (15 October 2014). "NASA's RapidScat Keeps a Watchful Eye on Ocean Storms". NASA. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  7. ^ Schierholz, Stephanie; Huot, Dan (21 September 2014). "NASA Cargo Launches to Space Station aboard SpaceX Resupply Mission". NASA. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  8. ^ a b Buis, Alan; Clavin, Whitney B.; Cole, Stephen E. (6 October 2014). "NASA's New Winds Mission Installed, Gathers First Data". NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  9. ^ Buis, Alan (10 November 2014). "NASA's New Wind Watcher Ready for Weather Forecasters". NASA. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  10. ^ a b Landau, Elizabeth (6 November 2015). "NASA's RapidScat Celebrates One-Year Anniversary". NASA. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  11. ^ Kimberlain, Todd B.; Blake, Eric S.; Cangialosi, John P. (4 February 2016). "Hurricane Patricia" (PDF). National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report. Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center: 3. EP202015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2022.