Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning 'in the same place', commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to idem, literally meaning 'the same', abbreviated id., which is commonly used in legal citation.[1]
Ibid. may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.[2][3] The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page.
Some academic publishers now prefer that ibid. not be italicised, as it is a commonly found term.[4] Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a full stop. For example, Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities omits full stops and does not capitalise,[5] while the Economist Style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.[6]
- ^ "Idem". thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).
- ^ New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396
- ^ E.g., "Style sheet: Cambridge University Press" (DOC). 2013.
- ^ OSCOLA : Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities. Nolan, Donal., Meredith, Sandra., University of Oxford. Faculty of Law. (4th ed.). Oxford: Hart Publishers. 2012. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84946-367-6. OCLC 775030305.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Style guide. Economist Books. (Twelfth ed.). New York. 5 June 2018. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-61039-981-4. OCLC 1005580872.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)