Land of Iran ایرانزمین | |
|---|---|
| 1256–1335[1] | |
.jpg) The Ilkhanate under Ghazan | |
| Status |
|
| Capital |
|
| Official languages | |
| Common languages | Unofficial: |
| Religion | |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Khan | |
• 1256–1265 | Hulagu Khan |
• 1316–1335 | Abu Sa'id |
| Area | |
| 1310 est.[7][8] | 3,750,000 km2 (1,450,000 sq mi) |
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (Persian: ایلخانان, romanized: Īlkhānān), and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus (lit. 'people / state of Hülegü').[9] The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran.[10][11] It was established after Hülegü, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259.
The Ilkhanate's core territory lies in what is now the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanid rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. The last ilkhan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, died in 1335, after which the Ilkhanate disintegrated.
The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanian Empire (224–651).[12] Native intellectuals interested in their own history interpreted the unification by the Mongols as a revival of their long-lost dynastic tradition, and the concept of "Land of Iran" (Irān-zamin) was considered an important ideology and was further developed by the later Safavid Empire (1501–1736). Similar to the development in China under the Yuan dynasty, the revival of the concept of territorial unity, although not intended by the Mongols, became a lasting legacy of Mongol rule in Iran.[13]
- ^ Biran, Michal (2016). "Il-Khanate Empire". In Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J. M. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Empire. p. 1. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe362. ISBN 978-1-118-44064-3.
- ^ Fragner 2006, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Vajda, Edward (2024). The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia. De Gruyter. p. 79. ISBN 9783110556216.
- ^ Fragner 2006, p. 78.
- ^ Badiee 1984, p. 97.
- ^ Vásáry 2016, p. 149.
- ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 496. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
- ^ Biran, Michael (2016). Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J. M. (eds.). "Il-Khanate Empire". The Encyclopedia of Empire: 1–6. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe362. ISBN 9781118455074.
- ^ Danilenko, Nadja (2020). "In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms". Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms. Brill. p. 101.
Connecting to īrān as illustrated in the Shāhnāma, 'land of Iran' rose to the official name for the Ilkhanid realm.
- ^ Ashraf, Ahmad (2006). "Iranian Identity iii. Medieval Islamic Period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/5: Iran X. Religions in Iran–Iraq V. Safavid period. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 507–522. ISBN 978-0-933273-93-1.
... the Mongol and Timurid phase, during which the name 'Iran' was used for the dynastic realm and a pre-modern ethno-national history of Iranian dynasties was arranged.
- ^ Danilenko, Nadja (2020). "In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms". Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms. Brill. pp. 94–95.
- ^ Hodong Kim (2015). "Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty?". Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. 45: 292.