Iltutmish

Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish
Sultan
Illtumish Tomb in Qutub Minar Complex
3rd Sultan of Delhi
ReignJune 1211 – 30 April 1236
PredecessorAram Shah
SuccessorRukn ud din Firuz
Born1192
Central Asia[1]
Died30 April 1236
Delhi, Delhi Sultanate
Burial
Qutb Complex, Mehrauli, Delhi
SpousesTurkan Khatun, a daughter of Qutub-ud-din Aibak (Chief consort)[2][non-primary source needed]
Shah Turkan
Malikah-i-Jahan[3][non-primary source needed]
IssueNasiruddin Mahmud
Raziya Sultana
Muiz ud din Bahram
Ruknuddin Firuz
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (possibly a grandson[4][5])
Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah[6]
Jalaluddin Masud Shah[7]
Shihabuddin Muhammad [8]
Qutbuddin Muhammad [9]
unnamed daughter[10]
Shazia Begum [11] [non-primary source needed]
FatherIlam Khan
ReligionSunni Islam

Shams ud-Din Iltutmish[a] (1192 – 30 April 1236) was the third of the Mamluk kings who ruled the former Ghurid territories in northern India. He was the first Muslim sovereign to rule from Delhi, and is thus considered the effective founder of the Delhi Sultanate.

Sold into slavery as a young boy, Iltutmish spent his early life in Bukhara and Ghazni under multiple masters. In the late 1190s, the Ghurid slave-commander Qutb ud-Din Aibak purchased him in Delhi, thus making him the slave of a slave. Iltutmish rose to prominence in Aibak's service, and was granted the important iqta' of Badaun. His military actions against the Khokhar rebels in 1205–1206 gained attention of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, who manumitted him even before his master Aibak was manumitted.

After Muhammad of Ghor's assassination in 1206, Aibak became a practically independent ruler of the Ghurid territories in India, with his headquarters at Lahore. After Aibak's death, Iltutmish dethroned his unpopular successor Aram Shah in 1211, and set up his capital at Delhi. He then consolidated his rule by subjugating several dissidents, and fighting against other former Ghurid slaves, such as Taj al-Din Yildiz and Nasir ad-Din Qabacha. During 1225–1227, he subjugated Aibak's former subordinates who had carved out an independent kingdom headquartered at Lakhnauti in eastern India. He also asserted his authority over Ranthambore (1226) and Mandore (1227), whose Hindu chiefs had declared independence after Aibak's death.

In the early 1220s, Iltutmish had largely stayed away from the Indus Valley region, which was embroiled in conflicts between Qabacha, the Khwarazmian dynasty, and the Mongols. In 1228, he invaded the Indus Valley region, defeated Qabacha, and annexed large parts of Punjab and Sindh to his empire. Subsequently, the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir recognized his authority in India. Over the next few years, Iltutmish suppressed a rebellion in Bengal, captured Gwalior, raided the Paramara-controlled cities of Bhilsa and Ujjain in central India, and expelled Khwarazmian subordinates in the north-west. His officers also attacked and plundered the Chandela-controlled Kalinjar area.

Iltutmish organized the administration of the Sultanate, laying the foundation for its dominance over northern India until the Mughal invasion. He introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital – the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains. He set up the Iqtadari system: division of empire into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers in lieu of salary. He erected many buildings, including mosques, khanqahs (monasteries), dargahs (shrines or graves of influential people) and a reservoir (hawz) for pilgrims.

  1. ^ Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Chatterjee, Indrani; Eaton, Richard M. (eds.). Slavery and South Asian History. Indiana University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-253-11671-0. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2023. Juzjani provided rare details about how Iltutmish was enslaved as a youth in the Central Asian steppes...
  2. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676.
  3. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676.
  4. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 256.
  5. ^ Jaswant Lal Mehta 1979, p. 105.
  6. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633.
  7. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 661.
  8. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625.
  9. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633.
  10. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 650, 661.
  11. ^ "Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten". www.dnaindia.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).