Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

"Hart–Celler Act" redirects here. Not to be confused with Luce–Celler Act of 1946.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Great Seal of the United States
Long titleAn Act to amend the Immigration and Nationality Act
Acronyms (colloquial)INA of 1965
NicknamesHart–Celler
Enacted bythe 89th United States Congress
EffectiveDecember 1, 1965; 58 years ago (1965-12-01)
July 1, 1968; 56 years ago (1968-07-01)
Citations
Public lawPub. L. 89–236
Statutes at Large79 Stat. 911
Codification
Acts amendedImmigration and Nationality Act of 1952
Titles amended8 U.S.C.: Aliens and Nationality
U.S.C. sections amended8 U.S.C. ch. 12 (§§ 1101, 1151–1157, 1181–1182, 1201, 1254–1255, 1259, 1322, 1351)
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 2580 by Emanuel Celler (D-NY)
  • Committee consideration by Judiciary
  • Passed the House on August 25, 1965 (318–95)
  • Passed the Senate on September 22, 1965 (76–18) with amendment
  • House agreed to Senate amendment on September 30, 1965 (320–70)
  • Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 3, 1965

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as the Hart–Celler Act and more recently as the 1965 Immigration Act, was a federal law passed by the 89th United States Congress and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson.[1] The law abolished the National Origins Formula, which had been the basis of U.S. immigration policy since the 1920s.[2] The act formally removed de facto discrimination against Southern and Eastern Europeans as well as Asians, in addition to other non-Western and Northern European ethnicities from the immigration policy of the United States.[3]

The National Origins Formula had been established in the 1920s to preserve American homogeneity by promoting immigration from Western and Northern Europe.[2][4] During the 1960s, at the height of the civil rights movement, this approach increasingly came under attack for being racially discriminatory. The bill is based on the draft bill sent to the Congress by President John F. Kennedy, who opposed the immigration formulas, in 1963, and was introduced by Senator Philip Hart and Congressman Emanuel Celler.[5] However, its passage was stalled due to opposition from conservative Congressmen.[6]

With the support of the Johnson administration, Celler and Hart introduced the bill again in 1965 to repeal the formula.[7] The bill received wide support from both northern Democratic and Republican members of Congress, but strong opposition mostly from Southern conservatives, the latter mostly voting Nay or Not Voting.[8][9] President Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 into law on October 3, 1965.[1] Prior to the Act, the U.S. was 85% White, with Black people (most of whom were descendants of slaves) making up 11%, while Latinos made up less than 4%.[10] In opening entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than Western and Northern Europeans, the Act significantly altered the demographic mix in the country.[11]

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 created a seven-category preference system that gives priority to relatives and children of U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents, professionals and other individuals with specialized skills, and refugees.[12] The act also set a numerical limit on immigration (120,000 per annum) from the Western Hemisphere for the first time in U.S. history.[13] Within the following decades, the United States would see an increased number of immigrants from Asia and Africa, as well as Eastern and Southern Europe.

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Johnson 1965 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Greenwood, Michael J.; Ward, Zachary (January 2015). "Immigration quotas, World War I, and emigrant flows from the United States in the early 20th century". Explorations in Economic History. 55: 76–96. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2014.05.001.
  3. ^ Hsu, Madeline Y. (2023), Lawrence, Mark Atwood; Updegrove, Mark K. (eds.), ""If I Cannot Get a Whole Loaf, I Will Get What Bread I Can": LBJ and the Hart–Celler Immigration Act of 1965", LBJ's America: The Life and Legacies of Lyndon Baines Johnson, Cambridge University Press, pp. 200–228, doi:10.1017/9781009172547.009, ISBN 978-1-009-17254-7
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hodgson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hayes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Tichenor, Daniel (September 2016). "The Historical Presidency: Lyndon Johnson's Ambivalent Reform: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: LBJ's Ambivalent Reform". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 46 (3): 691–705. doi:10.1111/psq.12300.
  8. ^ "TO PASS H.R. 2580, IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT AMENDMENTS. -- Senate Vote #232 -- Sep 22, 1965". GovTrack.us. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  9. ^ "TO AGREE TO THE CONFERENCE REPORT ON H.R. 2580, THE … -- House Vote #177 -- Sep 30, 1965". GovTrack.us. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  10. ^ "CCF Civil Rights Symposium: Changes in America's Racial and Ethnic Composition Since 1964". University of Texas. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  11. ^ Ludden, Jennifer (May 9, 2006). "1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America". All Things Considered. NPR.
  12. ^ Vecchio, Diane C. (2013). "U.S. Immigration Laws and Policies, 1870–1980". In Barkan, Elliott Robert (ed.). Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration, Volume 4. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1498–9. ISBN 978-1-59884-219-7.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).