Implicit stereotype

For broader coverage of this topic, see Stereotype.

An implicit bias or implicit stereotype is the pre-reflective attribution of particular qualities by an individual to a member of some social out group.[1]

Implicit stereotypes are thought to be shaped by experience and based on learned associations between particular qualities and social categories, including race and/or gender.[2] Individuals' perceptions and behaviors can be influenced by the implicit stereotypes they hold, even if they are sometimes unaware they hold such stereotypes.[3] Implicit bias is an aspect of implicit social cognition: the phenomenon that perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes can operate prior to conscious intention or endorsement.[4] The existence of implicit bias is supported by a variety of scientific articles in psychological literature.[5] Implicit stereotype was first defined by psychologists Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald in 1995.

Explicit stereotypes, by contrast, are consciously endorsed, intentional, and sometimes controllable thoughts and beliefs.[6]

Implicit biases, however, are thought to be the product of associations learned through past experiences.[7] Implicit biases can be activated by the environment and operate prior to a person's intentional, conscious endorsement.[1] Implicit bias can persist even when an individual rejects the bias explicitly.[1]

  1. ^ a b c Greenwald, Anthony G.; Banaji, Mahzarin R. (1995). "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes". Psychological Review. 102 (1): 4–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.411.2919. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4. PMID 7878162. S2CID 8194189.
  2. ^ Byrd, Nick (February 2021). "What we can (and can't) infer about implicit bias from debiasing experiments". Synthese. 198 (2): 1427–1455. doi:10.1007/s11229-019-02128-6. S2CID 60441599.
  3. ^ Hahn, Adam; Judd, Charles M.; Hirsh, Holen K.; Blair, Irene V. (June 2014). "Awareness of implicit attitudes". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 143 (3): 1369–1392. doi:10.1037/a0035028. PMC 4038711. PMID 24294868.
  4. ^ Gawronski, Bertram (June 10, 2019). "Six Lessons for a Cogent Science of Implicit Bias and Its Criticism". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 14 (4): 574–595. doi:10.1177/1745691619826015. PMID 31181174.
  5. ^ Jost, John T.; Rudman, Laurie A.; Blair, Irene V.; Carney, Dana R.; Dasgupta, Nilanjana; Glaser, Jack; Hardin, Curtis D. (2009). "The existence of implicit bias is beyond reasonable doubt: A refutation of ideological and methodological objections and executive summary of ten studies that no manager should ignore". Research in Organizational Behavior. 29: 39–69. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.001.
  6. ^ Gaertner, Brown, Sam, Rupert (April 15, 2008). Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intergroup Processes. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470692707. Retrieved August 11, 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Del Pinal, Guillermo; Spaulding, Shannon (February 2018). "Conceptual centrality and implicit bias". Mind & Language. 33 (1): 95–111. doi:10.1111/mila.12166. hdl:2027.42/142467.