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Challenges

Problem of evil
Ethical egoism Euthyphro dilemma Logical positivism Religious language Verificationism eschatological
Theodicy Augustinian Irenaean Best of all possible worlds Inconsistent triad Natural evil

Arguments for
Beauty Christological Trilemma Resurrection Consciousness Cosmological kalām contingency metaphysical Degree Desire Experience Existential choice Fine-tuned universe Love Mathematics Miracles Morality Mystical idealism Natural law Necessary existent Seddiqin Nyayakusumanjali Occam's Razor Ontological Gödel Modal Anselm Meinongian Mulla Sadra Spinoza Pascal's wager Proper basis / Reformed epistemology Reason Responses to evil Teleological Intelligent design Watchmaker Junkyard Trademark Transcendental
Arguments against
747 gambit Atheist's wager Creator of God Evil Evil God Fate of the unlearned Free will God of the gaps Hell Hitchens's razor Incompatible properties Inconsistency No limits fallacy Nonbelief Noncognitivism Omnipotence paradox Poor design Russell's teapot

Abrahamic
- Baháʼí
- Christianity
- Islam
- Judaism
- Mormonism
- Mandaeism
Buddhism
Hinduism
Jainism
Sikhism
Wicca

Philosophers of religion

Ancient and medieval
Anselm of Canterbury Augustine of Hippo Avicenna Averroes Boethius Gaudapada Al-Ghazali Gaunilo of Marmoutiers Pico della Mirandola Heraclitus King James VI and I Marcion of Sinope Maimonides Adi Shankara Thomas Aquinas William of Ockham
Early modern
Augustin Calmet René Descartes Blaise Pascal Desiderius Erasmus Baruch Spinoza Nicolas Malebranche Gottfried W Leibniz William Wollaston Thomas Chubb David Hume Baron d'Holbach Immanuel Kant Johann G Herder
19th-century
Friedrich Schleiermacher Karl C F Krause Georg W F Hegel Thomas Carlyle William Whewell Ludwig Feuerbach Søren Kierkegaard Karl Marx Albrecht Ritschl Afrikan Spir Usman dan Fodio Ernst Haeckel W K Clifford Friedrich Nietzsche Harald Høffding William James Vladimir Solovyov Ernst Troeltsch Rudolf Otto Lev Shestov Ernst Cassirer Joseph Maréchal
Contemporary
George Santayana Bertrand Russell Martin Buber Sergei Bulgakov René Guénon Paul Tillich Karl Barth Pavel Florensky Emil Brunner Rudolf Bultmann Gabriel Marcel Reinhold Niebuhr Charles Hartshorne Mircea Eliade Frithjof Schuon J. L. Mackie Walter Kaufmann Martin Lings Peter Geach George I Mavrodes William Alston Antony Flew Kurt Godel Graham Oppy J. L. Schellenberg Paul Draper William L Rowe Dewi Z Phillips Alvin Plantinga Anthony Kenny Nicholas Wolterstorff Richard Swinburne Robert Merrihew Adams Ravi Zacharias Peter van Inwagen Cornel West Loyal Rue Herman Philipse Kai Nielsen Jean-Luc Marion William Lane Craig Ali Akbar Rashad Yujin Nagasawa Alexander Pruss

Articles related to philosophy of religion include: