For India, the concept of non-alignment began as a policy of non-participation in the military affairs of a bipolar world and in the context of colonialism aimed towards optimum involvement through multi-polar participation towards peace and security. It meant a country should be able to preserve a certain amount of freedom of action internationally. There was no set definition of non-alignment, which meant the term was interpreted differently by different politicians and governments, and varied in different contexts.[1] The overall aims and principles found consensus among the movement members.[2] Non-aligned countries, however, rarely attained the freedom of judgement they desired and their actual behaviour towards the movement's objectives, such as social justice and human rights, were unfulfilled in many cases. India's actions often resembled those of aligned countries.[3] The response of the non-aligned nations during India's wars in 1962, 1965 and 1971 revealed non-aligned positions on issues such as secession.[4] The non-aligned nations were unable to fulfil the role of peacekeepers during the Indo-China war of 1962 and the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 despite meaningful attempts.[5] The non-aligned response to the Bangladesh Liberation War and the following 1971 Indo-Pakistan War showed most of the non-aligned nations prioritised territorial integrity above human rights, which could be explained by the recently attained statehood for the non-aligned.[6] During this period, India's non-aligned stance was questioned and criticized.[7] Jawaharlal Nehru had not wanted the formalization of non-alignment and none of the non-aligned nations had commitments to help each other.[8] The international rise of countries such as China also decreased incentives for the non-aligned countries to stand in solidarity with India.[9]
India played an important role in the multilateral movements of colonies and newly independent countries that wanted to participate in the Non-Aligned Movement. The country's place in national diplomacy, its significant size and its economic growth turned India into one of the leaders of the Non-Aligned Movement.[10]
- ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 9, Chapter 1.
- ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 5, Chapter 1.
- ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 315–320, Chapter 6.
- ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 301–302, Chapter 6.
- ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 233, Chapter 4.
- ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 295, Chapter 5.
- ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 298, Chapter 5.
- ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 302–303, Chapter 6.
- ^ Upadhyaya 1987, p. 301–304, Chapter 6.
- ^ Pekkanen, Saadia M.; Ravenhill, John; Foot, Rosemary, eds. (2014). Oxford Handbook of the International Relations of Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-991624-5.