Indian Peace Commission

Not to be confused with Indian Peace Keeping Force.
Indian Peace Commissioners and an unidentified Indigenous woman, from left to right, Terry, Harney, Sherman, Taylor, Tappan, and Augur

The Indian Peace Commission (also the Sherman,[1]: 755  Taylor,[2]: 110  or Great Peace Commission[3]: 47 ) was a group formed by an act of Congress on July 20, 1867 "to establish peace with certain hostile Indian tribes."[4] It was composed of four civilians and three, later four, military leaders. Throughout 1867 and 1868, they negotiated with a number of tribes, including the Comanche, Kiowa, Arapaho, Kiowa-Apache, Cheyenne, Lakota, Navajo, Snake, Sioux, and Bannock. The treaties that resulted were designed to move the tribes to reservations, to "civilize" and assimilate these native peoples, and transition their societies from a nomadic to an agricultural existence.

As language and cultural barriers affected the negotiations, it remains doubtful whether the tribes were fully informed of the provisions they agreed to. The Commission approached the tribes as a representative democracy, while the tribes made decisions via consensus: Indian chiefs functioned as mediators and councilors, without the authority to compel obedience from others. The Commission acted as a representative of the United States Congress, but while Congress had authorized and funded the talks themselves, it did not fund any of the stipulations that the commissioners were empowered to negotiate. Once treaties were agreed to, the government was slow to act on some, and rejected others. Even for those treaties that were ratified, promised benefits were often delayed, or not provided at all. Congress was not compelled to support actions taken in its name, and eventually stopped the practice of treaty making with tribes in 1871.

The Indian Peace Commission was generally seen as a failure, and violence had reignited even before it was disbanded in October 1868. Two official reports were submitted to the federal government, ultimately recommending that the U.S. cease recognizing tribes as sovereign nations, refrain from making treaties with them, employ military force against those who refused to relocate to reservations, and move the Bureau of Indian Affairs from the Department of the Interior to the Department of War. The system of treaties eventually deteriorated to the point of collapse, and a decade of war followed the commission's work. It was the last major commission of its kind.

  1. ^ Kingsbury, George Washington (1915). South Dakota: Its History and Its People. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. OCLC 469403642.
  2. ^ Utley, Robert Marshall (2003). The Indian Frontier, 1846–1890. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2998-1.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Germain2001 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference report was invoked but never defined (see the help page).