Indigestion

"Dyspepsia" redirects here. For the Negativland album, see Dispepsi.
Indigestion
Other namesDyspepsia
SpecialtyGastroenterology
SymptomsUpper abdominal pain[1]
FrequencyCommon[1]

Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia or upset stomach, is a condition of impaired digestion.[2] Symptoms may include upper abdominal fullness, heartburn, nausea, belching, or upper abdominal pain.[3] People may also experience feeling full earlier than expected when eating.[4] Indigestion is relatively common, affecting 20% of people at some point during their life, and is frequently caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastritis.[1][5]

Indigestion is subcategorized as either "organic" or "functional dyspepsia", but making the diagnosis can prove challenging for physicians.[6] Organic indigestion is the result of an underlying disease, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (an ulcer of the stomach or duodenum), or cancer.[6] Functional indigestion (previously called non-ulcer dyspepsia)[7] is indigestion without evidence of underlying disease.[8] Functional indigestion is estimated to affect about 15% of the general population in western countries and accounts for a majority of dyspepsia cases.[7][9]

In patients who are 60 or older, or who have worrisome symptoms such as trouble swallowing, weight loss, or blood loss, an endoscopy (a procedure whereby a camera attached to a flexible tube is inserted down the throat and into the stomach) is recommended to further assess and find a potential cause.[1] In patients younger than 60 years of age, testing for the bacteria H. pylori and if positive, treatment of the infection is recommended.[1] More details about how indigestion is diagnosed and treated can be found below.

  1. ^ a b c d e Eusebi, Leonardo H; Black, Christopher J; Howden, Colin W; Ford, Alexander C (11 December 2019). "Effectiveness of management strategies for uninvestigated dyspepsia: systematic review and network meta-analysis". BMJ. 367: l6483. doi:10.1136/bmj.l6483. PMC 7190054. PMID 31826881.
  2. ^ "dyspepsia" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  3. ^ Duvnjak, Marko (2011). Dyspepsia in clinical practice (1. Aufl. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 2. ISBN 9781441917300.
  4. ^ Talley NJ, Vakil N (October 2005). "Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100 (10): 2324–37. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00225.x. PMID 16181387. S2CID 16499689.
  5. ^ Zajac, P; Holbrook, A; Super, ME; Vogt, M (March–April 2013). "An overview: Current clinical guidelines for the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and management of dyspepsia". Osteopathic Family Physician. 5 (2): 79–85. doi:10.1016/j.osfp.2012.10.005.
  6. ^ a b Greenberger, Norton; Blumberg, R.S.; Burakoff, Robert (2016). Current diagnosis & treatment. Gastroenterology, hepatology, and endoscopy (3 ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-259-25097-2. OCLC 925478002.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ a b Saad RJ, Chey WD (August 2006). "Review article: current and emerging therapies for functional dyspepsia" (PDF). Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24 (3): 475–92. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03005.x. hdl:2027.42/74835. PMID 16886913.
  8. ^ van Kerkhoven LA, van Rossum LG, van Oijen MG, Tan AC, Laheij RJ, Jansen JB (September 2006). "Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy does not reassure people with functional dyspepsia" (PDF). Endoscopy. 38 (9): 879–85. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944661. PMID 16981103. S2CID 260135014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27.
  9. ^ Ford, Alexander C.; Mahadeva, Sanjiv; Carbone, M. Florencia; Lacy, Brian E.; Talley, Nicholas J. (2020-11-21). "Functional dyspepsia". The Lancet. 396 (10263): 1689–1702. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30469-4. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 33049222. S2CID 222254300.