Indonesia

Republic of Indonesia Republik Indonesia (Indonesian)
Flag Emblem
Motto:  Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Old Javanese) "Unity in Diversity"
Anthem: Indonesia Raya "Indonesia the Great"
National ideology: Pancasila (Sanskrit) "The Five Principles"
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Capital and largest city	Jakarta 6°10′S 106°49′E / 6.167°S 106.817°E / -6.167; 106.817
Official languages	Indonesian
Recognised regional languages	Over 700 languages[1]
Ethnic groups	Over 1,300 ethnic groups[2]
Religion (2023)	87.1% Islam 10.5% Christianity 7.4% Protestant 3.1% Catholic 1.7% Hinduism 0.7% Buddhism 0.08% Folk, Confucianism, and Others[3][a]
Demonym(s)	Indonesian
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	Prabowo Subianto
• Vice President	Gibran Rakabuming Raka
• House Speaker	Puan Maharani
• Supreme Court	Sunarto
• Constitutional Court	Suhartoyo
Legislature	People's Consultative Assembly (MPR)
• Upper house	Regional Representative Council (DPD)
• Lower house	House of Representatives (DPR)
Independence  from the Netherlands
• Proclaimed	17 August 1945
• Recognised	27 December 1949
Area
• Total	1,904,569[4] km2 (735,358 sq mi) (14th)
• Water (%)	4.85
Population
• Q2 2024 estimate	282,477,584[5] (4th)
• 2020 census	270,203,917[6]
• Density	143/km2 (370.4/sq mi) (88th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$4.658 trillion[7] (7th)
• Per capita	$16,542[7] (96th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$1.402 trillion[7] (16th)
• Per capita	$4,980[7] (115th)
Gini (2024)	37.9[8] medium inequality
HDI (2022)	0.713[9] high (112th)
Currency	Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR)
Time zone	UTC+7 to +9 (IDT)
Date format	DD/MM/YYYY
Drives on	left
Calling code	+62
ISO 3166 code	ID
Internet TLD	.id

Indonesia,^[b] officially the Republic of Indonesia,^[c] is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.

Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special autonomous status. The country's largest city, Jakarta, is the world's second-most-populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity.

The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century, when Sumatra's Srivijaya and later Java's Majapahit kingdoms engaged in commerce with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Over the centuries, local rulers assimilated foreign influences, leading to the flourishing of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms. Sunni traders and Sufi scholars later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic growth.

Indonesia consists of thousands of distinct native ethnic groups and hundreds of linguistic groups, with Javanese being the largest. A shared identity has developed with the motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), defined by a national language, cultural diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. A developing country, Indonesia is classified a newly industrialized country, with its economy the world's 16th-largest by nominal GDP and the 7th-largest by PPP. It is the world's third-largest democracy, a regional power, and is considered a middle power in global affairs. The country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, D-8, APEC, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

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