The industrial sector comprised 38.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of China in 2023.[1] China is the world's leading manufacturer of chemical fertilizers, cement and steel. Prior to 1978, most output was produced by state-owned enterprises. As a result of the economic reforms that followed, there was a significant increase in production by enterprises sponsored by local governments, especially townships and villages, and, increasingly, by private entrepreneurs and foreign investors, but by 1990 the state sector accounted for about 70 percent of output. By 2002 the share in gross industrial output by state-owned and state-holding industries had decreased with the state-run enterprises themselves accounting for 46 percent of China's industrial output. In November, 2012 the State Council mandated a "social risk assessment" for all major industrial projects. This requirement followed mass public protests in some locations for planned projects or expansions.[2]
- ^ "National Data". National Bureau of Statistics of China. March 1, 2022. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Keith Bradsher (November 12, 2012). "'Social Risk' Test Ordered by China for huge Projects". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2012.