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Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs), sometimes called Idiopathic (IIDDs) due to the unknown etiology of some of them, are a heterogenous group of demyelinating diseases - conditions that cause damage to myelin, the protective sheath of nerve fibers - that occur against the background of an acute or chronic inflammatory process.[1][2][3] IDDs share characteristics with and are often grouped together under Multiple Sclerosis. They are sometimes considered different diseases from Multiple Sclerosis,[4][5] but considered by others to form a spectrum differing only in terms of chronicity, severity, and clinical course.[6][7]
Multiple sclerosis for some people is a syndrome more than a single disease.[8] As of 2019, three auto-antibodies have been found in atypical MS giving birth to separate diseases: Anti-AQP4 diseases, Anti-MOG and Anti-NF spectrums.[9] A LHON-associated MS[10] has also been reported, and in addition there have been inconclusive reports of TNF-α blockers inducing demyelinating disorders.[11]
The subject is under intense research and the list of MS autoantibodies is expected to grow in the near future.[12][13][14]
- ^ Höftberger R, Lassmann H (2018). "Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system". Neuropathology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 145. pp. 263–283. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-802395-2.00019-5. ISBN 9780128023952. PMC 7149979. PMID 28987175.
- ^ "Find out more about demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
- ^ Fontaine B (September 2001). "[Borderline forms of multiple sclerosis]". Revue Neurologique (in French). 157 (8-9 Pt 2): 929–934. PMID 11787357.
- ^ Wingerchuk DM, Lucchinetti CF (June 2007). "Comparative immunopathogenesis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis". Current Opinion in Neurology. 20 (3): 343–350. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e3280be58d8. PMID 17495631. S2CID 17386506.
- ^ Poser CM, Brinar VV (October 2007). "Disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: two different diseases - a critical review". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 116 (4): 201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00902.x. PMID 17824894. S2CID 44411472.
- ^ Weinshenke B, Miller D (1999-01-13). "Multiple sclerosis: one disease or many?". In Siva A, Kesselring J, Thompson AJ (eds.). Frontiers in Multiple Sclerosis, II. Taylor & Francis. pp. 37–46. ISBN 978-1-85317-506-0.
- ^ Hartung HP, Grossman RI (May 2001). "ADEM: distinct disease or part of the MS spectrum?". Neurology. 56 (10): 1257–1260. doi:10.1212/WNL.56.10.1257. PMID 11376169. S2CID 219199163.
- ^ Zabad RK, Stewart R, Healey KM (October 2017). "Pattern Recognition of the Multiple Sclerosis Syndrome". Brain Sciences. 7 (10): 138. doi:10.3390/brainsci7100138. PMC 5664065. PMID 29064441.
- ^ Fujihara K (June 2019). "Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: still evolving and broadening". Current Opinion in Neurology. 32 (3): 385–394. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000694. PMC 6522202. PMID 30893099.
- ^ Bargiela D, Chinnery PF (September 2019). "Mitochondria in neuroinflammation - Multiple sclerosis (MS), leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and LHON-MS" (PDF). Neuroscience Letters. 710: 132932. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.051. PMID 28668384. S2CID 38817368.
- ^ Kemanetzoglou E, Andreadou E (2017). "CNS Demyelination with TNF-α Blockers". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 17 (4): 36. doi:10.1007/s11910-017-0742-1. ISSN 1528-4042. PMC 5364240. PMID 28337644.
- ^ Lang K, Prüss H (September 2017). "Frequencies of neuronal autoantibodies in healthy controls: Estimation of disease specificity". Neurology. 4 (5): e386. doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000386. PMC 5515597. PMID 28761905.
- ^ Kusunoki S (December 2013). "Autoantibodies in neuroimmunological diseases; relevance of fine specificity". Experimental Neurology. 250: 219–220. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.10.009. PMID 24120752. S2CID 45173537.
- ^ Seay M, Galetta S (September 2018). "Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Antibody: Another Antibody in the Multiple Sclerosis Diagnostic Mix". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 38 (3): 281–284. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000689. PMID 29923872. S2CID 49310332.