Intelligence

For the human faculty of thinking and understanding, see Intellect. For human intelligence, see Human intelligence. For other uses, see Intelligence (disambiguation).

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Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information; and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.[1]

The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s.[2][3] Most psychologists believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies.[4]

Intelligence has been long-studied in humans, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the cognition of non-human animals.[5] Some researchers have suggested that plants exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial.[6][7][8]

Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence.

  1. ^ Sharma, Radha R. (2008). Emotional Intelligence from 17th Century to 21st Century: Perspectives and Directions for Future Research. Sage Journals. Vol. 12.
  2. ^ White, Margaret B. & Hall, Alfred E. (1980). An overview of intelligence testing. Phi Delta Kappa International. Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 210-216
  3. ^ Buxton, Claude E. (1985). Influences in Psychology: Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology. Academic Press.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Shettleworth SJ (2010). Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2ND ed.). New York: Oxford Press.
  6. ^ Parise, André Geremia; Gaglianob, Monica; Souza, Gustavo Maia (3 January 2020). "Extended cognition in plants: is it possible?". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 15 (2).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).