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In quantum mechanics, internal measurement refers to the measurement of a quantum system by an observer (referred to as an internal observer or endo-observer).[1]
A quantum measurement represents the action of a measuring device on a quantum system. When the measuring device is a part of the measured quantum system, the measurement proceeds internally[clarification needed] in relation to the whole system.
Internal measurement theory was first introduced by Koichiro Matsuno[2] and developed by Yukio-Pegio Gunji.[3] They expanded on the original ideas of Robert Rosen[4] and Howard Pattee[5] regarding quantum measurement in living systems viewed as natural internal observers that belong to the same scale of the observed objects.[6] According to Matsuno,[7][8] an internal measurement is accompanied by a redistribution of probabilities that leave them[who?] entangled in accordance with the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics by Everett. However, this form of quantum entanglement does not survive in an external measurement, in which the mapping to real numbers takes place and the result is revealed in classical spacetime, as the Copenhagen interpretation suggests. This means that the internal measurement concept unifies the current alternative interpretations of quantum mechanics.
- ^ Gernert, Dieter (1998-04-01). "Information gain by endo-observers: chances and limitations". Biosystems. 46 (1): 73–79. Bibcode:1998BiSys..46...73G. doi:10.1016/S0303-2647(97)00082-8. ISSN 0303-2647. PMID 9648676.
- ^ Matsuno, K. (1985). "How can quantum mechanics of material evolution be possible?: Symmetry and symmetry-breaking in protobiological evolution". Biosystems. 17 (3): 179–192. Bibcode:1985BiSys..17..179M. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(85)90073-5. PMID 3995159.
- ^ Gunji, Y.-P. (1995). "Global logic resulting from disequilibration process". Biosystems. 35 (1): 33–62. Bibcode:1995BiSys..35...33G. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(94)01480-U. hdl:2433/84288. PMID 7772722.
- ^ Rosen, R. (1996). "Biology and the measurement problem". Computers & Chemistry. 20 (1): 95–100. doi:10.1016/S0097-8485(96)80011-8. PMID 16749183.
- ^ Pattee, H. H. (2013). "Epistemic, Evolutionary, and Physical Conditions for Biological Information". Biosemiotics. 6 (1): 9–31. doi:10.1007/s12304-012-9150-8. ISSN 1875-1342. S2CID 15030412.
- ^ Andrade, E. (2000). "From external to internal measurement: a form theory approach to evolution". Biosystems. 57 (1): 49–62. Bibcode:2000BiSys..57...49A. doi:10.1016/S0303-2647(00)00082-4. PMID 10963865.
- ^ Matsuno, K. (1995). "Quantum and biological computation". Biosystems. 35 (2–3): 209–212. Bibcode:1995BiSys..35..209M. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(94)01516-A. PMID 7488718.
- ^ Matsuno, K. (2017). "From quantum measurement to biology via retrocausality". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 131: 131–140. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.06.012. PMID 28647644.