International Atomic Time

International Atomic Time (abbreviated TAI, from its French name temps atomique international[1]) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid.[2] TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 450 atomic clocks in over 80 national laboratories worldwide.[3] It is a continuous scale of time, without leap seconds, and it is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time (with a fixed offset of epoch). It is the basis for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface and which has leap seconds.

UTC deviates from TAI by a number of whole seconds. As of 1 January 2017, immediately after the most recent leap second was put into effect,[4] UTC has been exactly 37 seconds behind TAI. The 37 seconds result from the initial difference of 10 seconds at the start of 1972, plus 27 leap seconds in UTC since 1972. In 2022, the General Conference on Weights and Measures decided to abandon the leap second by or before 2035, at which point the difference between TAI and UTC will remain fixed.[5]

TAI may be reported using traditional means of specifying days, carried over from non-uniform time standards based on the rotation of the Earth. Specifically, both Julian days and the Gregorian calendar are used. TAI in this form was synchronised with Universal Time at the beginning of 1958, and the two have drifted apart ever since, due primarily to the slowing rotation of the Earth.

  1. ^ Temps atomique 1975[further explanation needed]
  2. ^ Guinot, B. (1986). "Is the International Atomic Time TAI a coordinate time or a proper time?". Celestial Mechanics. 38 (2): 155–161. Bibcode:1986CeMec..38..155G. doi:10.1007/BF01230427. S2CID 120564915.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Time n.d. was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Bizouard, Christian (6 July 2016). "Bulletin C 52". Paris: IERS. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  5. ^ Agence France-Presse (18 November 2022). "Do not adjust your clock: scientists call time on the leap second". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 October 2024.