Internet of things

Not to be confused with Web of Things.

Internet of things (IoT)
General concepts
Communication protocols

Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communication networks.[1][2][3][4][5] The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet; they only need to be connected to a network[6] and be individually addressable.[7][8]

The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning.[9] Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.[10] In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.[11]

There are a number of concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT technologies and products, especially in the areas of privacy and security, and consequently there have been industry and government moves to address these concerns, including the development of international and local standards, guidelines, and regulatory frameworks.[12] Because of their interconnected nature, IoT devices are vulnerable to security breaches and privacy concerns. At the same time, the way these devices communicate wirelessly creates regulatory ambiguities, complicating jurisdictional boundaries of the data transfer.[13]

  1. ^ Gillis, Alexander (2021). "What is internet of things (IoT)?". IOT Agenda. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  2. ^ Brown, Eric (20 September 2016). "21 Open Source Projects for IoT". Linux.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  3. ^ "Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative". ITU. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  4. ^ Hendricks, Drew (10 August 2015). "The Trouble with the Internet of Things". London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  5. ^ Shafiq, Muhammad; Gu, Zhaoquan; Cheikhrouhou, Omar; Alhakami, Wajdi; Hamam, Habib (3 August 2022). "The Rise of "Internet of Things": Review and Open Research Issues Related to Detection and Prevention of IoT-Based Security Attacks". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 2022: e8669348. doi:10.1155/2022/8669348. ISSN 1530-8669.
  6. ^ Beal, Vangie (2 March 2022) [1996-09-01]. "What is a Network?". Webopedia. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  7. ^ Dey, Nilanjan; Hassanien, Aboul Ella; Bhatt, Chintan; Ashour, Amira; Satapathy, Suresh Chandra, eds. (2018). Internet of things and big data analytics toward next-generation intelligence. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 440. ISBN 978-3-319-60435-0. OCLC 1001327784.
  8. ^ "Forecast: The Internet of Things, Worldwide, 2013". Gartner. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  9. ^ Hu, J.; Niu, H.; Carrasco, J.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., "Fault-tolerant cooperative navigation of networked UAV swarms for forest fire monitoring" Aerospace Science and Technology, 2022. doi:10.1016/j.ast.2022.107494.
  10. ^ Hu, J.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., "Robust formation control for networked robotic systems using Negative Imaginary dynamics" Automatica, 2022. doi:10.1016/j.automatica.2022.110235.
  11. ^ Laplante, Phillip A.; Kassab, Mohamad; Laplante, Nancy L.; Voas, Jeffrey M. (2018). "Building Caring Healthcare Systems in the Internet of Things". IEEE Systems Journal. 12 (3): 3030–3037. Bibcode:2018ISysJ..12.3030L. doi:10.1109/JSYST.2017.2662602. ISSN 1932-8184. PMC 6506834. PMID 31080541.
  12. ^ "The New York City Internet of Things Strategy". www1.nyc.gov. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  13. ^ Mulder, T.; Tudorica, M. (2 September 2019). "Privacy policies, cross-border health data and the GDPR". Information & Communications Technology Law. 28 (3): 261–274. doi:10.1080/13600834.2019.1644068. ISSN 1360-0834.