Invadopodia

A microscope picture of a cell's invadopodium.

Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions of the plasma membrane that are associated with degradation of the extracellular matrix in cancer invasiveness and metastasis.[1][2] Very similar to podosomes, invadopodia are found in invasive cancer cells and are important for their ability to invade through the extracellular matrix, especially in cancer cell extravasation.[3] Invadopodia are generally visualized by the holes they create in ECM (fibronectin, collagen etc.)-coated plates, in combination with immunohistochemistry for the invadopodia localizing proteins such as cortactin, actin, Tks5[1][2][4] etc. Invadopodia can also be used as a marker to quantify the invasiveness of cancer cell lines in vitro using a hyaluronic acid hydrogel assay.[5]

  1. ^ a b Murphy DA, Courtneidge SA (June 2011). "The 'ins' and 'outs' of podosomes and invadopodia: characteristics, formation and function". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 12 (7): 413–26. doi:10.1038/nrm3141. PMC 3423958. PMID 21697900.
  2. ^ a b Eddy RJ, Weidmann MD, Sharma VP, Condeelis JS (August 2017). "Tumor Cell Invadopodia: Invasive Protrusions that Orchestrate Metastasis". Trends in Cell Biology. 27 (8): 595–607. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2017.03.003. PMC 5524604. PMID 28412099.
  3. ^ Seano G, Primo L (2015). "Podosomes and invadopodia: tools to breach vascular basement membrane". Cell Cycle. 14 (9): 1370–4. doi:10.1080/15384101.2015.1026523. PMC 4614630. PMID 25789660.
  4. ^ Stylli SS, Stacey TT, Verhagen AM, Xu SS, Pass I, Courtneidge SA, Lock P (August 2009). "Nck adaptor proteins link Tks5 to invadopodia actin regulation and ECM degradation". Journal of Cell Science. 122 (Pt 15): 2727–40. doi:10.1242/jcs.046680. PMC 2909319. PMID 19596797.
  5. ^ Gurski LA, Xu X, Labrada LN, Nguyen NT, Xiao L, van Golen KL, Jia X, Farach-Carson MC (2009). "Hyaluronan (HA) interacting proteins RHAMM and hyaluronidase impact prostate cancer cell behavior and invadopodia formation in 3D HA-based hydrogels". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e50075. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050075. PMC 3500332. PMID 23166824.