Islamic State

This article is about the modern Salafi jihadist organisation. For the concept of a state based on Islamic law, see Islamic state. For other uses, see Islamic state (disambiguation).
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see ISIL (disambiguation), Isis (disambiguation), Daesh (disambiguation), and Daish (surname).

Islamic State
الدولة الإسلامية
ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah
Also known asISIS, ISIL, IS, Daesh
FounderAbu Musab al-Zarqawi †
Leaders
Dates of operation
1999–present
Group(s)
Groups
HeadquartersUnknown (March 2019 – present)
Former
Active regionsMap – refer to following caption
IS territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent (May 2015)[44]
Map legend
  •   Islamic State
  •   Iraqi government
  •   Syrian government
  •   Lebanese government
  •   Iraqi Kurdistan forces
  •   Syrian Kurdistan forces
  •   Syrian opposition forces
  •   Turkish Armed Forces
  •   Al-Nusra Front
  •   Hezbollah
  • Note: Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with sparse populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them.
Detailed current maps
Ideology
SloganBaqiya wa Tatamadad (Remaining and Expanding)
StatusActive
Size
List of combatant numbers
  • Inside Syria and Iraq:
    • 1,500–3,000[109] (UN 2024 report)
    • 5,000–10,000[110] (UN Security Council 2019 report)
    • 28,600–31,600 (July 2018)[111] (2016 US Defense Department estimate)
    • 200,000[112][113] (2015 claim by Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff)
    • 100,000[114][113] (2015 Jihadist claim)
    • 35,000–100,000[115] (at peak, US State Department estimate)
  • Outside Syria and Iraq: 32,600–57,900 (See Military activity of ISIL for more detailed estimates.)
  • Estimated total: 61,200–257,900
Civilian population
  • In 2015 (near max extent): 8–12 million[116][117]
  • In 2022 (ISWAP): 800,000[118]
Part ofAl-Qaeda (2004–2013)
AlliesSee section
Opponents
State opponents
Additional opponents
Non-state opponents
Additional opponents
Battles and wars

Primary target of

Part of a series on
Jihadism
Practices and concepts
Islamic fundamentalism
Notable jihadist organisations
Jihadism in Africa
Jihadism in Asia
Jihadism in the West
Islam portal

The Islamic State (IS),[a] also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh,[b] is a transnational Salafi jihadist group.

IS gained global prominence in 2014, when its militants conquered large territories in northwestern Iraq and eastern Syria, taking advantage of the ongoing civil war in Syria and the disintegrating local military forces of Iraq. By the end of 2015, its self-declared caliphate ruled an area with a population of about 12 million,[116][117][162] where they enforced their extremist interpretation of Islamic law, managed an annual budget exceeding US$1 billion, and commanded more than 30,000 fighters.[163] After a grinding conflict with American, Iraqi, and Kurdish forces, IS lost control of all its Middle Eastern territories by 2019, subsequently reverting to insurgency from remote hideouts while continuing its propaganda efforts. These efforts have garnered a significant following in northern and Sahelian Africa,[164][165] where IS still controls a significant territory.[166][167]

Originating in the Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah founded by Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in 2004, the organisation (primarily under the Islamic State of Iraq name) affiliated itself with al-Qaeda in Iraq and fought alongside them during the 2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency. The group later changed their name to Islamic State of Iraq and Levant for about a year,[168][169] before declaring itself to be a worldwide caliphate,[170][171] called simply the Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية, ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah).[172]

As a caliphate, IS demanded the religious, political, and military obedience of Muslims worldwide,[173] despite the rejection of its legitimacy by mainstream Muslims and its statehood by the United Nations and most governments.[174] Designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations and others, IS—during its rule in northern Iraq—launched genocides against Yazidis and Iraqi Turkmen; engaged in persecution of Christians, Shia Muslims, and Mandaeans; publicised videos of beheadings of soldiers, journalists, and aid workers; and destroyed several cultural sites. The group has also perpetrated terrorist massacres in territories outside of its control, such as the November 2015 Paris attacks, the 2024 Kerman bombings in Iran, and the 2024 Crocus City Hall attack in Russia.

After 2015, the Iraqi Armed Forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces pushed back IS and degraded its financial and military infrastructure,[175] assisted by advisors, weapons, training, supplies, and airstrikes by the American-led coalition,[176] and later by Russian airstrikes, bombings, cruise missile attacks, and scorched-earth tactics across Syria, which focused mostly on razing Syrian opposition strongholds rather than IS bases.[177] By March 2019, IS lost the last of its territories in West Asia, although its affiliates maintained a significant territorial presence in Africa as of 2024.[166][167]

  1. ^ Gander, Kashmira (7 July 2015). "Isis flag: What do the words mean and what are its origins?". The Independent.
  2. ^ "Islamic State Confirms Death of Its Leader, Names Replacement". Reuters. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Islamic state confirms death of its leader, names new chief". Reuters. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: MİT, DEAŞ'ın sözde liderini etkisiz hale getirdi" [President Erdoğan: The so-called leader of the terrorist organization DAESH was neutralized by the operation carried out by the MIT in Syria.]. TRT Haber (in Turkish). 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  5. ^ Kourdi, Eyad (30 November 2022). "ISIS acknowledges the death of its leader, announces his successor". CNN. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  6. ^ "Islamic State confirms Baghdadi is dead, appoints successor". Reuters. 31 October 2019.
  7. ^ Rubin, Alissa J. (5 July 2014). "Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq". The New York Times.
  8. ^ a b Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (24 January 2016). "An Account of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi & Islamic State Succession Lines". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog.
  9. ^ "Islamic State Syria chief Maher al-Agal killed in US drone strike: Pentagon". 13 June 2022.
  10. ^ "Eastern Libyan forces say they killed Islamic State leader". Reuters. 23 September 2020.
  11. ^ "ISIS Leadership". Frontline. PBS. 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  12. ^ a b Former spokesmen
  13. ^ Garland, Chad (14 July 2016). "Islamic State says top commander is dead; Pentagon unsure". Stars and Stripes.
  14. ^ Worley, Will (13 July 2016). "Isis confirms death of hugely popular 'minister of war' Omar al-Shishani". The Independent.
  15. ^ Starr, Barbara (15 March 2016). "U.S. assesses ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani is dead". CNN.
  16. ^ "Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili". Rewards for Justice. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.
  17. ^ "IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia". Middle East Eye. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  18. ^ "Gulmurod Khalimov". Rewards for Justice. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  19. ^ "Iraqi forces capture deputy of IS slain leader Baghdadi – PM". Reuters. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  20. ^ "IS confirms death of propaganda chief Abu Mohammed al-Furqan". BBC News. 11 October 2016.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Chulov310816 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ "Islamic State group names its new leader as Abu Ibrahim al-Hashemi". BBC News. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  23. ^ "Islamic State names new leader, confirms death of predecessor". France24.com. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  24. ^ Mroue, Bassem (3 August 2023). "The Islamic State group says its leader was killed by militants in Syria and names his successor". ABC News.
  25. ^ Holmes, Oliver (3 February 2014). "Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL". Reuters.
  26. ^ Pool, Jeffrey (16 December 2004). "Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. 2, no. 24. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
     • "Al-Qaeda disavows ISIS militants in Syria". BBC News. 3 February 2014.
  27. ^ Laskar, Rezaul H. (29 January 2015). "IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015.
  28. ^ Elbagir, Nima; Cruickshank, Paul; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (7 March 2015). "Boko Haram purportedly pledges allegiance to ISIS". CNN.
  29. ^ Gambhir, Harleen (23 June 2015). "ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region". Institute for the Study of War.
  30. ^ a b Prothero, Mitchell (4 February 2022). "ISIS Leader Killed in US Raid Was a SNITCH Who Orchestrated the Yazidi Genocide". VICE News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  31. ^ "IS Claims Suicide Bombing on Algerian Military Base in Southern Town of Timiaouine". SITE. 11 February 2020.
  32. ^ "IS Delineates 'Khorasan Province' from 'Pakistan Province' in Attack Claims, One Involving Targeted Killing in Rawalpindi". Jihadist Threat. SITE Intelligence Group. 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  33. ^ "Syrian army captures Mayadin from ISIS near Deir ez-Zor". Rudaw. 14 October 2017.
  34. ^ Benhaida, Sarah; al-Rubaye, Ahmad (26 October 2017). "Iraq forces launch 'last big fight' against IS". Rudaw.
  35. ^ "Anti-IS forces converge on Syria border town". Agence France-Presse. 4 November 2017 – via Yahoo News.
  36. ^ Bussoletti, Francesco (29 June 2018). "Syria, the Isis pockets of resistance at Deir Ezzor are reduced to two". Difesa & Sicurezza.
  37. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (13 December 2018). "Breaking: SDF captures Daesh's de facto capital in Syria". Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  38. ^ "US-backed fighters seize east Syria village from ISIS". The National. 16 January 2019.
  39. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (24 January 2019). "ISIL's reign over eastern Euphrates nearing its end – map". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  40. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (24 January 2019). "Down to Its Last 2 Villages in Syria, ISIS Still Fights Back". The New York Times.
  41. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (7 February 2019). "ISIS squeezed into last areas as SDF troops capture 2 villages east of the Euphrates (MAP)". Al-Masdar news. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  42. ^ Hussein, Rikar (9 February 2019). "US-backed Fighters Launch Final Push to Defeat IS in Syria". Voice of America.
  43. ^ "US-allied Syrian force declares victory over Islamic State". The Washington Post. 23 March 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019.
  44. ^ Fairfield, Hannah; Wallace, Tim; Watkins, Derek (21 May 2015). "How ISIS Expands". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  45. ^ Caldwell, Dan (2016). Seeking Security in an Insecure World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 195. It is a theocratic state that considers itself unbound by the Westphalian principle of sovereignty with its corollaries of nonaggression and nonintervention
  46. ^ Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, Muhammad Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21. Boston; Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
  47. ^
  48. ^ Manne, Robert (2017). Mind of the Islamic state: ISIS and the ideology of the caliphate. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Prometheus Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-63388-371-0. ... several scholars have termed the ideology that provided the foundation of the Islamic State 'Qutbism'.
  49. ^ Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, Muhammad Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21. Boston; Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
  50. ^ Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). "Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective". Arab Law Quarterly. 31 (4). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers: 305–335. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024. ISSN 1573-0255.
  51. ^ a b c Bunzel, Cole (March 2015). "From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State" (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World. 19. Washington, D.C.: Center for Middle East Policy (Brookings Institution): 1–48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  52. ^ a b c Saltman, Erin Marie; Winter, Charlie (November 2014). Islamic State: The Changing Face of Modern Jihadism (PDF) (Report). Quilliam. ISBN 978-1-906603-98-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015.
  53. ^ a b Wood, Graeme (March 2015). "What ISIS Really Wants". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  54. ^ a b Crooke, Alastair (30 March 2017) [27 August 2014]. "You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014.
  55. ^ [51][52][53][54]
  56. ^ a b Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). "The Ideologues". Homegrown: ISIS in America (1st ed.). London; New York City: I. B. Tauris. pp. 111–148. ISBN 978-1-78831-485-5.
  57. ^ [52][51][53][54][56]
  58. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gerges was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  59. ^ "4 years ago: the genocide against the Yazidis in northern Iraq (August 3, 2014)". Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker e.V. (GfbV). Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  60. ^ Spencer, Richard (14 October 2014). "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  61. ^ Taylor, Lin (9 May 2017). "Nearly 10,000 Yazidis killed, kidnapped by Islamic State in 2014, study finds". Reuters. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  62. ^ [30][59][60][61]
  63. ^ Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.). "Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" (PDF). Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 38 (5–6). SAGE Publications: 706–734. doi:10.1177/0261927X19868494. hdl:10871/37355. ISSN 1552-6526. S2CID 195448888. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  64. ^ Rickenbacher, Daniel (August 2019). Jikeli, Gunther (ed.). "The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism". Religions. 10 (8: "The Return of Religious Antisemitism?"). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI: 483. doi:10.3390/rel10080483. eISSN 2077-1444. ISSN 2077-1444.
  65. ^ Ghasemi, Faezeh (2020). Anti-Shiism Discourse (PhD). University of Tehran.
  66. ^ Rickenbacher, Daniel (2019). "The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism". Religions. 10 (8): 483–492. doi:10.3390/rel10080483.
  67. ^ Ghasemi, Faezeh (2017). "Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts". Discourse. 11 (3): 75–96.
  68. ^ Matthiesen, Toby (21 July 2015). "The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement". Sada. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  69. ^ "Islamic State claims Pakistan bombing that kills 56 at Shiite mosque". ABC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. The Islamic State affiliate in the region known as Islamic State in Khorasan province and headquartered in Afghanistan claimed Friday's devastating attack in a statement translated by the SITE Intelligence group. The statement was posted on the group's Amaq News Agency. The statement identified the attacker as Afghan, posted his picture and said 'Islamic State fighters are constantly targeting Shi'ites living in Pakistan and Afghanistan despite the intense security measures adopted by the Taliban militia and the Pakistani police to secure Shi'a temples and centers.'
  70. ^ Rohrlich, Justin (25 March 2022). "Three ISIS Fanboys Plotted Spring Break Attack on Shia Mosque, Feds Say". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  71. ^ [63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]
  72. ^ Soliman, Muhammad (20 March 2017). "From Cairo to Berlin: Why is ISIS Targeting Christians?". Fikra Forum. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
  73. ^ Nassif, Hicham Bou (25 July 2014). "Here Are The Parts Of The Quran That ISIS Uses To Justify Violence Against Iraqi Christians". Business Insider.
  74. ^ "Daesh Lay Claim To Target Killing Of Christian, Sikh Men In Peshawar". Voice PK. Pakistan. 3 April 2023. Dayal Singh, a Sikh trader, and Kashif Masih, a Christian sanitary worker, were gunned down in different incidents on March 31 and April 1 respectively. Separately, a Hindu ophthalmologist and former senior director of health at the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC), Dr. Birbal Genani was also shot dead by unknown assailants along the Lyari Expressway in Karachi on March 30.
  75. ^ [72][73][74]
  76. ^ "ISIS claims responsibility for killing of Hindu priest in Bangladesh". The Guardian. 21 February 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022.
  77. ^ "'Hindus need to be targeted in mass numbers in India', says militant in Islamic State magazine". Firstpost. 14 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022.
  78. ^ "ISIS threatens to rid India of Hindus in latest issue of its magazine". One India. 14 April 2016. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022.
  79. ^ "11 killed in Kabul gurdwara attack, IS claims responsibility". The Times of India. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022.
  80. ^ "ISIS threatens India, Hindus with bloodshed; Claims role in Coimbatore, Mangaluru blasts". Hindustan Times. 7 March 2023.
  81. ^ "ISIS claims attack on Sikhs, Hindus in Afghanistan". CTV News. 2 July 2018.
  82. ^ [76][77][78][79][80][81]
  83. ^ "Anti-Gay Rhetoric in English-Language ISIS and Al Qaeda Magazines". Anti-Defamation League. 15 June 2016.
  84. ^ "ISIS's Persecution of Gay People". Counter Extremism Project. May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.
  85. ^ "The Islamic State's shocking war on homosexuals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020.
  86. ^ "What ISIS Is Saying About the Orlando Shooter". Vice. 15 June 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020.
  87. ^ "ISIS targets gay people using Facebook and phone contacts". Global News. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020.
  88. ^ "Inside look at ISIS' brutal persecution of gays". CBS News. 2 December 2015. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022.
  89. ^ "Amid brazen, deadly attacks, gay Syrians tell of fear of ISIS persecution". CNN. 6 March 2015. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022.
  90. ^ [83][84][85][86][87][88][89]
  91. ^ *"Under Attack, ISIS Threatens Jews and Israel". Anti-Defamation League. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  92. ^ "Under Attack, ISIS Threatens Jews and Israel". Anti-Defamation League. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  93. ^ "ISIS Promotes Murdering Jews in New Online Campaign". Anti-Defamation League. 20 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.
  94. ^ "ISIS calls on operatives to target Jews with chemical weapons". The Jerusalem Post. 28 January 2020.
  95. ^ "ISIS threatens Jews, Israel with 'big war' in second Hebrew video". The Jerusalem Post. 1 November 2015.
  96. ^ "Turkey arrests ISIS members allegedly targeting Istanbul synagogues". Jewish Telegraph Agency. 6 February 2023.
  97. ^ "ISIS Sympathizers Suspected of Bomb Plot on Northern Israeli High School". Haaretz. 2 October 2022.
  98. ^ "Islamic State urges attacks against Jews in effort to thwart Trump plan". Reuters. 27 January 2020.
  99. ^ "ISIS Plans Attacks on Jewish Children in Turkey". Business Insider. 29 March 2016.
  100. ^ "ISIS suspects planned attacks on Jews in Mumbai". Wionews. 21 April 2018.
  101. ^ "ISIS Suicide Bombers at Brussels Airport 'Targeted U.S. Airline, Jews'". Newsweek. 24 January 2017. The suicide bombers who attacked Brussels airport last year, killing 16 people, were targeting an American airline, its passengers and Jewish people, according to a report citing sources close to the investigation. Another source said that Laachraoui was standing among dozens of students before changing tack and following two Hasidic Jews, usually recognizable by their long beards, sidecurls known as peyot and dark overclothes. 'The attacker seemed to rush towards two Orthodox Jews,' the source said. 'He really, clearly wanted to kill a Jew.'
  102. ^ "Islamic State Unleashes Propaganda Blitz Calling for Attacks Against Jews". Vice News. 19 October 2015. The Islamic State released a series of videos Sunday praising attacks against Jews in Israel and encouraging more violence.
  103. ^ [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102]
  104. ^ Cottee, Simon; Bloom, Mia (8 September 2017). "The Myth of the ISIS Female Suicide Bomber". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  105. ^ Crockett, Emily (23 May 2017). "Why Manchester Bomber Targeted Girls". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  106. ^ "The Girl Who Beat Isis: My Story review – inside the horror of Isis". The Guardian. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  107. ^ "Why Women Join ISIS". Time. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  108. ^ [104][105][106][107]
  109. ^ "S/2024/556". United Nations. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  110. ^ "Eighth report of the Secretary-General on the threat posed by ISIL (Da'esh) to international peace and security and the range of United Nations efforts in support of Member States in countering the threat" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. UN. 1 February 2019.
  111. ^ "Operation Inherent Resolve and other overseas contingency operations" (PDF). US Department of Defense. 31 December 2018.
  112. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (16 November 2014). "War with Isis: Islamic militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader". The Independent.
  113. ^ a b Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed (9 February 2015). "How many Fighters Does the Islamic State Really Have?". War on the Rocks.
  114. ^ Cite error: The named reference secret of Baghdadi's success was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  115. ^ "Briefing With Special Representative for Syria Engagement and Special Envoy for the Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS Ambassador James Jeffrey". state.gov. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  116. ^ a b Shinkman, Paul D. (27 December 2017). "ISIS By the Numbers in 2017". U.S. News & World Report.
  117. ^ a b Jones, Seth G.; Dobbins, James; Byman, Daniel; et al. (2017). "Rolling Back the Islamic State". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  118. ^ "After Shekau: Confronting Jihadists in Nigeria's North East". 29 March 2022.
  119. ^ "OKRA Home". Global Operations. Department of Defense, Government of Australia. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  120. ^ "Operation IMPACT". National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  121. ^ "IAF strikes kill 7 ISIS militants 200 meters from Golan Heights border". The Jerusalem Post.
  122. ^ "Isis and Israel clash for first time after jihadis open fire on IDF". The Independent.
  123. ^ "Islamic State claims Hadera attack; minister: the two terrorists were linked to IS". The Times of Israel. 28 March 2022.
  124. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "México aparece entre los países amenazados por el ISIS" [Mexico appears among the countries threatened by ISIS]. El País (in Spanish). 25 November 2015.
  125. ^ Khettab, Djamila Ould (30 December 2015). "Algeria a 'symbolic target' for ISIL". Al Jazeera English.
  126. ^ Stonington, Joel (9 September 2014). "Is This Cyclops Baby the Muslim Antichrist?". Vocativ. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  127. ^ "Bosnia donates 550 tonnes of arms to Iraq, more may follow: minister". Reuters. 16 March 2015.
  128. ^ Romero, Simon; Schmidt, Michael (1 August 2016). "As ISIS Posts in Portuguese, U.S. and Brazil Bolster Olympics Security". The New York Times.
  129. ^ Osbourne, Samuel (1 March 2017). "Isis threatens China and vows to 'shed blood like rivers'". The Independent.
  130. ^ "Ethiopian authorities say Al-Shabaab, Islamic State planning attacks on hotels". Africanews. 23 September 2019.
  131. ^ "Country Reports on Terrorism 2020".
  132. ^ "Germany to strip dual-nationals who fight for Isis of citizenship". Financial Times.[full citation needed]
  133. ^ Kalmouki, Nikoleta (25 September 2014). "Greece Brings War Against the Islamic State". Greekreporter.com.
  134. ^ "L'Italia pronta a bombardare Isis in Iraq. La Difesa: ipotesi da valutare". Corriere della Sera. 6 October 2015.
  135. ^ Kumenov, Almaz (14 May 2019). "Kazakhstan evacuates citizens from Syria, arrests some". Eurasianet.
  136. ^ "Pro-Isis hackers attack North Korean airline Facebook page". The Guardian. AFP. 14 January 2015.
  137. ^ Paraszczuk, Joanna (15 March 2015). "Kyrgyzstan Bans IS, Designates It as Terror Group". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  138. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (20 July 2018). "Malaysia launches crackdown on Isis after threats to kill the king and prime minister". The Guardian.
  139. ^ Ucko, David H. (28 December 2017). "Trouble in Paradise: Mauritius Tries to Ward off Islamic Radicalization". World Politics Review.
  140. ^ "Islamic State group: Nicaragua arrests four suspected members". BBC News. 26 June 2019.
  141. ^ Johnson, Bridget (30 December 2018). "Barcelona Terror Alert Coincides with New Spanish-Language ISIS Threats". Homeland Security Today.
  142. ^ "Sri Lanka bombings: Isis claims responsibility for deadly church and hotel attacks on Easter Sunday". The Independent. 23 April 2019.
  143. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini; Kramer, Andrew E. (31 July 2018). "Video Purports to Show Tajikistan Attackers Pledging Allegiance to ISIS". The New York Times.
  144. ^ McAdams, John (7 August 2017). "The President of Turkmenistans Anti-ISIS Propaganda Video is Straight out of an '80s Action Movie". Wide Open Spaces.
  145. ^ Patience Atuhaire; James Gregory (17 June 2023). "Uganda school attack: Dozens of pupils killed by militants linked to Islamic State group". BBC News. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  146. ^ "Uzbekistan to receive and rehabilitate 148 women and children from ISIS". Al Shahid Witness. 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  147. ^ Kajjo, Sirwan (25 August 2016). "Who Are The Turkey-backed Syrian Rebels?". Extremism Watch. Voice of America.
  148. ^ Aydınlı, Ersel (2018). "The Jihadists after 9/11". Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists. Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 110–149. ISBN 978-1-315-56139-4. LCCN 2015050373.
  149. ^ "Badr Organization Destroys ISIS Car Bomb". Military.com. 5 June 2015.
  150. ^ Illingworth, Andrew (22 December 2017). "Combat footage: Iraqi forces battle ISIS in east Syria". Al Masdar News. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  151. ^ Khader, Abdul Rahman (14 July 2020). "هيئة-تحرير-الشام"-تقتل-وتعتقل-منتمين-لـ"داعش"-في-إدلب ""هيئة تحرير الشام" تقتل وتعتقل منتمين لـ"داعش" في إدلب" [The Headquarters for the Liberation of Al-Sham kills and arrests ISIS-affiliates in Idlib]. The New Arab (in Arabic). Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  152. ^ Musa, Rami (10 June 2015). "Al-Qaida-linked militants attack IS affiliate in Libya". Military Times.
  153. ^ "الحشد الشعبي يوسع نطاق متابعة فلول داعش الى محافظة حمص السورية" [The Popular Mobilization Forces expands the scope of follow-up to ISIS remnants to the Syrian province of Homs]. Iraq Today (in Arabic). 13 April 2017.
  154. ^ Kittleson, Shelly (11 April 2018). "Iraqi police who fought for tribal PMUs won't return to force". Al-Monitor.
  155. ^ "ISIS kills 6 militants from Hezbollah-backed Quwat al-Ridha in Homs". Zamanalwsl.net. 23 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  156. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (21 March 2016). "Iranian special forces arrive in Palmyra to help liberate the city". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  157. ^ "التعرف على جثة امر لواء زينبيون الايراني الذي قتل في سوريا بنيران داعش الارهابي قبل عامين" [Identification of the body of the order of the Iranian Zainabiyoun Brigade, who was killed in Syria by ISIS terrorist fire two years ago]. IraqNewspaper.net (in Arabic). 12 June 2019.
  158. ^ "لماذا أوقفت كتائب الحر والجبهة الإسلامية قتال داعش في جنوب دمشق؟" [Why did the Free and Islamic Front Brigades stop the fight against ISIS in southern Damascus?]. akhbaralaan.net (in Arabic). 27 September 2014.
  159. ^ "عملية نوعية لـ "كتائب البعث" خلف خطوط "داعش"" [A qualitative operation by the "Baath Brigades" behind the lines of ISIS]. DamPress.net (in Arabic). 5 October 2014.
  160. ^ Juan Guaidó [@jguaido] (4 September 2019). "Desde la @AsambleaVE hemos declarado a la disidencia de las FARC, ELN, Hamas, Hezbollah e ISIS como grupos terroristas, ordenándoles a todos los cuerpos de seguridad del Estado proteger nuestra soberanía e integridad territorial frente a la amenaza que representan estos grupos" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  161. ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (June 2014). The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement (PDF). Research Notes (Report). Vol. 20. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2023. In early 2006, Zarqawi brought together a number of other Iraqi insurgent factions and established the Majlis Shura al-Mujahedin (MSM)... This process was further consolidated after Zarqawi's death on June 7, 2006. On October 15, a statement titled 'Announcing the Establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq' was released by Muharib al-Juburi, ISI's new information minister. And on November 10, AQI's replacement for Zarqawi, Abu Hamza al-Muhajir, pledged baya to the newly appointed leader of ISI, Abu Omar al Baghdadi. While Muhajir had called bin Ladin emir in his first audio release on June 13, 2006, he never actually officially pledged baya. ... Therefore, Zarqawi's death invalidated MSM's implied pledge to bin Ladin. This means that, in effect, the group and its subsequent incarnations have not technically been subordinate to al-Qaeda in eight years.
  162. ^ Birke, Sarah (5 February 2017). "How ISIS Rules". The New York Review of Books.
  163. ^ Gerges, Fawaz A. (2016). ISIS: A History. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-691-17000-8.
  164. ^ "ISIS far from defeated in Syria: 2019 outlook (maps)". Al-Masdar News. 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  165. ^ "US-Led Allies Finishing Off 'Caliphate'". VOA News. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  166. ^ a b Brian Carter; Kathryn Tyson; Liam Karr; Peter Mills (17 May 2023). "Salafi Jihadi Movement Weekly Update, May 17, 2023". ISW, Critical Threats. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  167. ^ a b Crisis Group 2024, pp. 2, 6.
  168. ^ "Al-Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra Front is part of its network". Al Arabiya. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022.
  169. ^ Abouzeid, Rania (23 June 2014). "The Jihad Next Door: The Syrian roots of Iraq's newest civil war". Politico. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023.
  170. ^ Roggio, Bill (29 June 2014). "ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'". Long War Journal.
  171. ^ Withnall, Adam (29 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East". The Independent. London.
  172. ^ "What is Islamic State?". BBC News. 26 September 2014.
  173. ^ "What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean?". Al Akhbar. 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. See also: Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. "Caliph, caliphate". In Bowering (2013).
  174. ^ Akyol, Mustafa (21 December 2015). "A Medieval Antidote to ISIS". The New York Times.
  175. ^ Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria (Report). US Department of Defense. 9 August 2017.
  176. ^ "Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves". The Straits Times. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  177. ^ "42 months of Russian operations on the Syrian territory kill more than 8000 civilians including more than 18150 people in their raids and shelling". United Kingdom: Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 March 2019.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).