Isotopes of samarium

Isotopes of samarium (62Sm)
Main isotopes[1] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
144Sm 3.08% stable
145Sm synth 340 d ε 145Pm
146Sm trace 9.20×107 y[2] α 142Nd
147Sm 15% 1.066×1011 y α 143Nd
148Sm 11.3% 6.3×1015 y α 144Nd
149Sm 13.8% stable
150Sm 7.37% stable
151Sm synth 94.6 y β 151Eu
152Sm 26.7% stable
153Sm synth 46.2846 h β 153Eu
154Sm 22.7% stable
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sm)

Naturally occurring samarium (62Sm) is composed of five stable isotopes, 144Sm, 149Sm, 150Sm, 152Sm and 154Sm, and two extremely long-lived radioisotopes, 147Sm (half life: 1.066×1011 y) and 148Sm (6.3×1015 y), with 152Sm being the most abundant (26.75% natural abundance). 146Sm (9.20×107 y)[2] is also fairly long-lived, but is not long-lived enough to have survived in significant quantities from the formation of the Solar System on Earth, although it remains useful in radiometric dating in the Solar System as an extinct radionuclide.[5] It is the longest-lived nuclide that has not yet been confirmed to be primordial.

Other than the naturally occurring isotopes, the longest-lived radioisotopes are 151Sm, which has a half-life of 94.6 years,[6] and 145Sm, which has a half-life of 340 days. All of the remaining radioisotopes, which range from 129Sm to 168Sm, have half-lives that are less than two days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 48 seconds. This element also has twelve known isomers with the most stable being 141mSm (t1/2 22.6 minutes), 143m1Sm (t1/2 66 seconds) and 139mSm (t1/2 10.7 seconds).

The long lived isotopes, 146Sm, 147Sm, and 148Sm, primarily decay by alpha decay to isotopes of neodymium. Lighter unstable isotopes of samarium primarily decay by electron capture to isotopes of promethium, while heavier ones decay by beta decay to isotopes of europium. A 2012 paper[7] revising the estimated half-life of 146Sm from 10.3(5)×107 y to 6.8(7)×107 y was retracted in 2023.[7][8]

Isotopes of samarium are used in samarium–neodymium dating for determining the age relationships of rocks and meteorites.

151Sm is a medium-lived fission product and acts as a neutron poison in the nuclear fuel cycle. The stable fission product 149Sm is also a neutron poison.

Samarium is theoretically the lightest element with even atomic number with no stable isotopes (all isotopes of it can theoretically go either alpha decay or beta decay or double beta decay), other such elements are those with atomic numbers > 66 (dysprosium, which is the heaviest theoretically stable nuclide).

  1. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ a b Chiera, Nadine M.; Sprung, Peter; Amelin, Yuri; Dressler, Rugard; Schumann, Dorothea; Talip, Zeynep (1 August 2024). "The 146Sm half-life re-measured: consolidating the chronometer for events in the early Solar System". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64104-6. PMC 11294585.
  3. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Samarium". CIAAW. 2005.
  4. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  5. ^ Samir Maji; et al. (2006). "Separation of samarium and neodymium: a prerequisite for getting signals from nuclear synthesis". Analyst. 131 (12): 1332–1334. Bibcode:2006Ana...131.1332M. doi:10.1039/b608157f. PMID 17124541.
  6. ^ He, M.; Shen, H.; Shi, G.; Yin, X.; Tian, W.; Jiang, S. (2009). "Half-life of 151Sm remeasured". Physical Review C. 80 (6): 064305. Bibcode:2009PhRvC..80f4305H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.80.064305.
  7. ^ a b Kinoshita, N.; Paul, M.; Kashiv, Y.; Collon, P.; Deibel, C. M.; DiGiovine, B.; Greene, J. P.; Henderson, D. J.; Jiang, C. L.; Marley, S. T.; Nakanishi, T.; Pardo, R. C.; Rehm, K. E.; Robertson, D.; Scott, R.; Schmitt, C.; Tang, X. D.; Vondrasek, R.; Yokoyama, A. (30 March 2012). "A Shorter 146Sm Half-Life Measured and Implications for 146Sm-142Nd Chronology in the Solar System". Science. 335 (6076): 1614–1617. arXiv:1109.4805. Bibcode:2012Sci...335.1614K. doi:10.1126/science.1215510. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22461609. S2CID 206538240. (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.adh7739, PMID 36996231,  Retraction Watch)
  8. ^