Realm of Sipahbad | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ?–15th century | |||||||
 Map of the domains of the Ispahbads of Gilan | |||||||
| Status | Autonomous under suzerainty of Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, Ilkhanate, Timurid Empire and Safavid Empire | ||||||
| Capital | Shandan[2] Astara[3] (from 14th century) | ||||||
| Government | Principality[3] | ||||||
| Ispahbad | |||||||
• 12th century | Kiyā Livāshīr | ||||||
• 13th–14th century | Ahmad | ||||||
• 14th–15th century | Hussein | ||||||
• ?–1408/09[4] | Shapur[4] | ||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||
• Established | ? | ||||||
• Disestablished | 15th century | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | IranAzerbaijan | ||||||
Ispahbads of Gīlān[3][5] (Persian: اسپهبدان گیلان) or Esfahbad of Gīlān[3] was a small principality in Iran.[3] In the 14th century, Āstārā became the seat of the principality.[3]
- ^ Minorsky 1954, p. 525: "Mamlakat-i Sipahbad"
- ^ Minorsky 1954, p. 525.
- ^ a b c d e f Bazin 1987, p. 837.
- ^ a b Hariri 2006, p. 166.
- ^ Minorsky 1954, p. 524.