Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
(Congregation of Monotheism and Jihad)
جماعة التوحيد والجهاد
FounderAbu Musab al-Zarqawi †
LeadersAbu Musab al-Zarqawi †
Abu Anas al-Shami †
Omar Husayn Hadid al-Muhammadi †
Dates of operation1999[1]–17 October 2004[2]
HeadquartersFallujah
Active regionsIraq, limited in Jordan
Ideology
Allies Ansar al-Islam (associate)[9][10]
Islamic Army of Iraq (sometimes)
Ansar al-Sunnah (sometimes)
Jaish al-Rashideen (sometimes)
Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance (sometimes)
Jeish Muhammad (sometimes)
Opponents Multi-National Force – Iraq
Coalition Provisional Authority
 United States
 Jordan
 Iran
 Turkey
 Japan[11]
 United Nations
Battles and warsIraqi insurgency
Designated as a terrorist group by
Succeeded by
Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Part of a series on the
History of the Islamic State

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999‑2004)

Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004‑2006)

Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2004‑2006)

Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004‑2006)

Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)

Islamic State of Iraq (2006‑2013)

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(2013‑2014)

Islamic State (2014‑present)
By topic
Category

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Arabic: جماعة التوحيد والجهاد, lit. 'Congregation of Monotheism and Jihad'), abbreviated as JTJ or Jama'at, was a Salafi jihadist militant group.[15] It was founded in Jordan in 1999, and was led by Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi for the entirety of its existence. During the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), the group became a decentralized network with foreign fighters[16] with a considerable Iraqi membership.[9][1]

On 17 October 2004, al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, and the group became known as Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq or Tanzim).[2][17] After several mergers with other groups and the formation of the Mujahideen Shura Council, it changed its name several times until it called itself Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006.

  1. ^ a b "The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement" (PDF). Washington Institute for Near East Policy. June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015. (pages 1-2)
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference JamestownFoundation20041018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Hassan Hassan (13 June 2016). "The Sectarianism of the Islamic State: Ideological Roots and Political Context". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  4. ^ a b Atwan, Abdel Bari (20 March 2006). "Al Qaeda's hand in tipping Iraq toward civil war". The Christian Science Monitor.
  5. ^ a b c d "The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement" (PDF). Washington Institute for Near East Policy. June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  6. ^ "Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia". Al Jazeera. September 14, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  7. ^ "Al-Qaeda in Iraq – "Knights Of Martyrdom 8"". Jih@d (in German). 2010-11-21. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference FoxNews20060608 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b "Guide: Armed groups in Iraq". BBC. August 15, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference JamestownFoundation20041216GaryGambill was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Beheaded Japanese to be flown home." CNN. November 1, 2004. Retrieved on 25 October 2015.
  12. ^ "List of terrorist and extremist organizations banned in Kyrgyzstan". 5 April 2017.
  13. ^ http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf Archived 2021-09-01 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  14. ^ Единый федеральный список организаций, в том числе иностранных и международных организаций, признанных в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации террористическими (in Russian). 2 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024.
  15. ^ Hashim, Ahmed S. (December 2014). "From Al-Qaida Affiliate to the Rise of the Islamic Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" (PDF). S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Nanyang Technological University: 1–16. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference ChristianScienceMonitor20040514 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference JamestownFoundation20041216GordonCorera was invoked but never defined (see the help page).