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Joseph Ralston Caldwell (June 14, 1916 – December 23, 1973) was an American archaeologist. In the late 1930s he conducted major excavations in the Savannah, Georgia area at the Irene site as part of Depression-era archaeology program. He also led excavations at other archaeology sites in Georgia, such as the Summerour Mound site in the early 1950s. He was among those conducting extensive excavations prior to the development of Lake Hartwell and Lake Strom Thurmond, which flooded numerous archeological sites.
During his career Caldwell also served as a professor in the United States and for a year in Iran as a Fulbright scholar. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, he earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees in archeology at the University of Chicago.