Joe Rolette

This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Joseph Rolette, Jr. (23 October 1820 – 16 May 1871) was an American fur trader and politician during Minnesota's territorial era and the Civil War. His father was Jean Joseph Rolette, often referred to as Joe Rolette the Elder, a French-Canadian and trader himself.^[1] Joseph Rolette's mother was Jane Fisher, who married Joe Rolette, Sr. in 1818 when she was about 13 or 14 years old. Jane's relatives took young Joseph to New York. Joseph's parents separated in 1836 but never divorced due to their Catholic faith. As part of the settlement, Rolette Sr. built what is today known as the Brisbois House for his estranged wife on Water Street, St. Feriole Island, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.

As his sense of adventure developed, Joe Jr. headed back west in 1840, and by the time he was 21, he was working for his father's partners' in the Red River valley area of Minnesota. Some names in Minnesota history (Henry Hastings Sibley and Ramsey Crooks) were running a fur trading company in the area at the time. Whilst in their service, Joseph Rolette rebuilt a trading post at Pembina. He oversaw its defenses and the business being conducted there. The area where the Pembina Trail crossed the Red Lake River is now Red Lake Falls, Minnesota.

In 1842 young Rolette built a unique method of transportation. He created a line of carts that ran on the Red River Trails between Pembina and the head of Mississippi navigation at Mendota, Minnesota. As a result, a substantial portion of the trade enjoyed by the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada was diverted to the United States. Rolette undertook this venture with his mother's brother. By this time, the trading post had grown, and a Canadian native, Norman W. Kittson, was managing it. Kittson adopted the system of Red River ox carts, growing and adding more lines until it became a chain of several thousands of vehicles.

During the late 1840s, Rolette also had a hand in defending the posts, both from commercial rivals and unfriendly Native Americans. At one point he burned down a rival post that traded whisky for furs, a transaction that was illegal during that time. In 1845, he married Angelique Jerome.^[2] Together they had eleven children.

In 1851, he was elected to the Minnesota Territorial Legislature, where he served for four terms. It was during his time in the legislature that the most well-known story about him arose. A bill making St. Peter the capital of Minnesota was about to be enacted and, as he was chairman of the enrollment committee, bills of this nature had to pass through him. Rolette took physical possession of the document and disappeared for the rest of the session, not returning until it was too late to pass any more bills.^[1] St. Paul was instead chosen as the capital, as it remains today.^[1][3][4] According to the story, he spent the week away from the legislature drinking and playing poker in a hotel room with some friends. According to other versions of the story, the "hotel room" was actually a brothel. From 1857 to 1858, he served in the first Minnesota State Constitutional Convention and the Minnesota State Senate.^[4]

During the Civil War he was unable to get a commission in the Union army and by the end of the war had lost much of his fortune. Subsequently his health declined, and he died on May 16, 1871.^[5] Rolette County, North Dakota was named after him.