John Brown (abolitionist)

John Brown
Brown in a photograph by Augustus Washington, c. 1846–1847
Born(1800-05-09)May 9, 1800
Torrington, Connecticut, U.S.
DiedDecember 2, 1859(1859-12-02) (aged 59)
Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia), U.S.
Cause of deathExecution by hanging
Resting placeNorth Elba, New York, U.S.
44°15′08″N 73°58′18″W / 44.252240°N 73.971799°W / 44.252240; -73.971799
Monuments
Various:
Known forInvolvement in Bleeding Kansas; Raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
MovementAbolitionism
Criminal charge(s)Treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia; murder; inciting slave insurrection
Spouses
Dianthe Lusk
​
​
(m. 1820; died 1832)​
​
(m. 1833)​
Children20, including John Jr., Owen, and Watson
ParentOwen Brown (father)
Signature

John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was an American evangelist who was a prominent leader in the American abolitionist movement in the decades preceding the Civil War. First reaching national prominence in the 1850s for his radical abolitionism and fighting in Bleeding Kansas, Brown was captured, tried, and executed by the Commonwealth of Virginia for a raid and incitement of a slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry in 1859.

An evangelical Christian of strong religious convictions, Brown was profoundly influenced by the Puritan faith of his upbringing.[1][2] He believed that he was "an instrument of God,"[3] raised to strike the "death blow" to slavery in the United States, a "sacred obligation."[4] Brown was the leading exponent of violence in the American abolitionist movement,[5] believing it was necessary to end slavery after decades of peaceful efforts had failed.[6][7] Brown said that in working to free the enslaved, he was following Christian ethics, including the Golden Rule,[8] and the Declaration of Independence, which states that "all men are created equal."[9] He stated that in his view, these two principles "meant the same thing."[10]

Brown first gained national attention when he led anti-slavery volunteers and his sons during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of the late 1850s, a state-level civil war over whether Kansas would enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. He was dissatisfied with abolitionist pacifism, saying of pacifists, "These men are all talk. What we need is action – action!" In May 1856, Brown and his sons killed five supporters of slavery in the Pottawatomie massacre, a response to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces. Brown then commanded anti-slavery forces at the Battle of Black Jack and the Battle of Osawatomie.

In October 1859, Brown led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (which later became part of West Virginia), intending to start a slave liberation movement that would spread south; he had prepared a Provisional Constitution for the revised, slavery-free United States that he hoped to bring about. He seized the armory, but seven people were killed and ten or more were injured. Brown intended to arm slaves with weapons from the armory, but only a few slaves joined his revolt. Those of Brown's men who had not fled were killed or captured by local militia and U.S. Marines, the latter led by Robert E. Lee. Brown was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five men, and inciting a slave insurrection. He was found guilty of all charges and was hanged on December 2, 1859, the first person executed for treason against a U.S. state in the history of the United States.[11][12]

The Harpers Ferry raid and Brown's trial, both covered extensively in national newspapers, escalated tensions that in the next year led to the South's long-threatened secession from the United States and the American Civil War. Southerners feared that others would soon follow in Brown's footsteps, encouraging and arming slave rebellions. He was a hero and icon in the North. Union soldiers marched to the new song "John Brown's Body" that portrayed him as a heroic martyr. Brown has been variously described as a heroic martyr and visionary, and as a madman and terrorist.[13][14][15]

  1. ^ RBS (Rebecca Buffum Spring) (December 2, 1859). "A Visit to John Brown. By a lady". New-York Tribune. p. 6. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  2. ^ DeCaro 2005a, Introduction.
  3. ^ DeCaro 2005a, p. 248.
  4. ^ The martyrdom of John Brown : the proceedings of a public meeting held in London, on the 2nd December, 1863, to commemorate the fourth anniversary of John Brown's death. London: Emancipation Society. 1864. Within 22 page document.
  5. ^ Wyatt-Brown 1975, p. 426.
  6. ^ Smith 1895, p. 323.
  7. ^ Foner, Philip S. (1964). Frederick Douglass: Selections from His Writings. New York: International Publishers. pp. 25–26. OCLC 911783030.
  8. ^ "The Harper's Ferry Outbreak". New York Daily Herald. October 21, 1859. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
    Reprinted in The Liberator, October 28, 1859
  9. ^ Hinton 2011, p. 637.
  10. ^ Sanborn, Franklin (c. 1900). John Brown and his friends. Slavery and anti-slavery: A transnational archive. N.p. p. 7. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022 – via HathiTrust.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Treason was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Loewen 2008, p. 179.
  13. ^ Anderson, Osborne Perry (1861). A Voice from Harper's Ferry. Boston: Published by the author. pp. 5–7.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Watson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Ken Chowder. ""The Father of American Terrorism". Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2016.". American Heritage. February/March 2000.