John Money

For the aeronaut, see John Money (aeronaut).

John Money
Money in 1996
Born
John William Money

(1921-07-08)8 July 1921[1][2][3][4]
Morrinsville, New Zealand[2][5][4]
Died7 July 2006(2006-07-07) (aged 84)[6][1][7][2][3][4]
Towson, Maryland, U.S.[4][6][5]
CitizenshipUnited States of America[4]
Alma materVictoria University of Wellington
Harvard University
AwardsJames McKeen Cattell Fellow Award (1992)
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology
InstitutionsJohns Hopkins University

John William Money (8 July 1921 – 7 July 2006)[8] was a New Zealand American psychologist, sexologist and professor at Johns Hopkins University known for his research on human sexual behavior and gender. Believing that gender identity was malleable within the first two years of life, Money advocated for the surgical "normalization" of the genitalia of intersex infants.[9]

Money advanced the use of more accurate terminology in sex research, coining the terms gender role and sexual orientation.[10][11] Despite widespread popular belief, Money did not coin the term gender identity.[12] Money pioneered drug treatment for sex offenders to extinguish their sex drives.[13]

Since the 1990s, Money's work and research has been subject to significant academic and public scrutiny.[14] A 1997 academic study criticized Money's work in many respects, particularly in regard to the involuntary sex-reassignment of the child David Reimer.[15][16] Money allegedly coerced David and his brother Brian to perform sexual rehearsal with each other, which Money then photographed. David Reimer lived a troubled life, ending with his suicide at 38 following his brother's suicide.[17]

Money believed that transgender people had an idée fixe, and established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic in 1965. He screened adult patients for two years prior to granting them a medical transition, and believed sex roles should be de-stereotyped, so that masculine women would be less likely to desire transition.[18] Money is generally viewed as a negative figure by the transgender community.[19]

Money's writing has been translated into many languages and includes around 2,000 articles, books, chapters and reviews. He received around 65 honors, awards and degrees in his lifetime.[10]

  1. ^ a b "John Money". SNAC. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  2. ^ a b c Error: Unable to display the reference from Wikidata properly. Technical details:
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    See the documentation for further details.
  3. ^ a b "Money, John, 1921-2006". Library of Congress Authorities. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e "John Money bio". University of Minnesota. 24 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Kiwi sexologist dies in US hospital". The New Zealand Herald. 10 July 2006. ISSN 1170-0777. Wikidata Q130374766. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  6. ^ a b Benedict Carey (11 July 2006). "John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Wikidata Q123754895.
  7. ^ "John Money". Base biographique.
  8. ^ Carey, Benedict (11 July 2006). "John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b Ehrhardt, Anke A. (August 2007). "John Money, PhD". The Journal of Sex Research. 44 (3): 223–224. doi:10.1080/00224490701580741. JSTOR 20620298. PMID 3050136. S2CID 147344556.
  11. ^ Tosh, Jemma (25 July 2014). Perverse Psychology: The pathologization of sexual violence and transgenderism. Routledge. ISBN 9781317635444.
  12. ^ Byrne, Alex (5 June 2023). "The Origin of "Gender Identity"" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 52 (7): 2709–2711. doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02628-0. PMID 37277576. S2CID 259090258 – via Springer Nature.
  13. ^ Downing, Lisa; Morland, Iain; Sullivan, Nikki (2014). Fuckology. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226186757.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-18661-0.
  14. ^ Germon, Jennifer (2009). "Money and the production of gender". Gender: A genealogy of an idea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 23–62. doi:10.1057/9780230101814_2. ISBN 978-0-230-10181-4.
  15. ^ Diamond, M; Sigmundson, HK (1997). "Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications". Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 151 (3): 298–304. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015. PMID 9080940.
  16. ^ Martin, Patricia (2002). "Moving toward an international standard in informed consent: The impact of intersexuality and the Internet on the standard of care". Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy. 9: 135–169. PMID 14986668.
  17. ^ Colapinto, John (2001b). As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl. New York: Harper Perennial (published 2006). pp. 86–88. ISBN 978-0-06-092959-6.
  18. ^ Goldie 2014, p. 181-182.
  19. ^ Goldie 2014, p. 89.