John Tyler

John Tyler
Portrait c. 1860–1861
10th President of the United States
In office
April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845
Vice PresidentNone[a]
Preceded byWilliam Henry Harrison
Succeeded byJames K. Polk
10th Vice President of the United States
In office
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
PresidentWilliam Henry Harrison
Preceded byRichard Mentor Johnson
Succeeded byGeorge M. Dallas
United States Senator
from Virginia
In office
March 4, 1827 – February 29, 1836
Preceded byJohn Randolph
Succeeded byWilliam Cabell Rives
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office
March 3, 1835 – December 6, 1835
Preceded byGeorge Poindexter
Succeeded byWilliam R. King
23rd Governor of Virginia
In office
December 10, 1825 – March 4, 1827
Preceded byJames Pleasants
Succeeded byWilliam Branch Giles
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia's 23rd district
In office
December 17, 1816 – March 3, 1821
Preceded byJohn Clopton
Succeeded byAndrew Stevenson
Delegate from Virginia
to the Provisional Congress
of the Confederate States
In office
February 4, 1861 – January 17, 1862
Preceded byConstituency founded
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
Personal details
Born(1790-03-29)March 29, 1790
Greenway Plantation, Charles City County, Virginia, U.S.
DiedJanuary 18, 1862(1862-01-18) (aged 71)
Ballard House, Richmond, Virginia
Resting placeHollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
Political partyWhig (1834–1841)
Other political
affiliations
Spouses
(m. 1813; died 1842)
(m. 1844)
Children15
Parent
Alma materCollege of William & Mary
Profession
  • Politician
  • lawyer
SignatureCursive signature in ink
Military service
Branch/serviceVirginia militia
Years of service1813
RankCaptain
UnitCharles City Rifles
Battles/warsWar of 1812

John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the tenth president of the United States, serving from 1841 to 1845, after briefly holding office as the tenth vice president in 1841. He was elected vice president on the 1840 Whig ticket with President William Henry Harrison, succeeding to the presidency following Harrison's death 31 days after assuming office. Tyler was a stalwart supporter and advocate of states' rights, including regarding slavery, and he adopted nationalistic policies as president only when they did not infringe on the states' powers. His unexpected rise to the presidency posed a threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other Whig politicians and left Tyler estranged from both of the nation's major political parties at the time.

Tyler was born into a prominent slaveholding Virginia family. He became a national figure at a time of political upheaval. In the 1820s, the Democratic-Republican Party, at the time the nation's only political party, split into several factions. Initially a Jacksonian Democrat, Tyler opposed President Andrew Jackson during the nullification crisis as he saw Jackson's actions as infringing on states' rights and criticized Jackson's expansion of executive power during Jackson's veto on banks. This led Tyler to ally with the southern faction of the Whig Party. He served as a Virginia state legislator and governor, U.S. representative, and U.S. senator. Tyler was a regional Whig vice-presidential nominee in the 1836 presidential election; they lost. He was the sole nominee on the 1840 Whig presidential ticket as William Henry Harrison's running mate. Under the campaign slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", the Harrison–Tyler ticket defeated incumbent president Martin Van Buren.

President Harrison died just one month after taking office, and Tyler became the first vice president to succeed to the presidency. Amid uncertainty as to whether a vice president succeeded a deceased president, or merely took on his duties, Tyler immediately took the presidential oath of office, setting a lasting precedent. He signed into law some of the Whig-controlled Congress's bills, but he was a strict constructionist and vetoed the party's bills to create a national bank and raise tariff rates. He believed that the president, rather than Congress, should set policy, and he sought to bypass the Whig establishment led by Senator Henry Clay. Almost all of Tyler's cabinet resigned shortly into his term and the Whigs expelled him from the party and dubbed him "His Accidency". Tyler was the first president to have his veto of legislation overridden by Congress. He faced a stalemate on domestic policy, although he had several foreign-policy achievements, including the Webster–Ashburton Treaty with Britain and the Treaty of Wanghia with China. Tyler was a believer in manifest destiny and saw the annexation of Texas as economically and internationally advantageous to the United States, signing a bill to offer Texas statehood just before leaving office.

When the American Civil War began in 1861, Tyler at first supported the Peace Conference. When it failed, he sided with the Confederacy. He presided over the opening of the Virginia Secession Convention and served as a member of the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States. Tyler subsequently won election to the Confederate House of Representatives but died before it assembled. Some scholars have praised Tyler's political influence, but historians have generally put Tyler near the bottom quartile when ranking U.S. presidents. Tyler is praised for helping in the creation of the Webster–Ashburton Treaty, which peacefully settled the border between Maine and Canada. He also helped in stopping African slave trafficking, which was made illegal under the Jefferson administration. Today, Tyler is seldom remembered when in comparison to other presidents and maintains only a limited presence in American cultural memory.[1]


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