Josiah Francis | |
|---|---|
| Hillis Hadjo | |
&sq=&lang=&file=File:Josiah_Francis_self_portrait.jpg) Self-portrait of Josiah Francis | |
| Red Stick Creek leader | |
| In office 1813–1818 | |
| Preceded by | None |
| Succeeded by | None |
| Traveled to England as representative of the Indian Nations (Creek and three other local tribes) | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Hillis Hadjo 1770 near Montgomery, Alabama |
| Died | April 9, 1818 (aged 47–48)[1] Fort San Marcos de Apalache |
| Cause of death | Hanging |
| Resting place | San Marcos de Apalache |
| Political party | Red Stick Creeks |
| Spouse | Hannah Moniac |
| Relations | David Moniac, Alexander McGillivray |
| Children | Polly,[2]: 90 Milly, Earle |
| Parent(s) | European-American father, Creek mother |
| Education | Illiterate. Sought education in England for his son. |
| Nickname | Francis the Prophet |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Burnt Corn, Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) |
| An ally of his was Neamathla. | |
Josiah Francis, also called Francis the Prophet, native name Hillis Hadjo ("crazy-brave medicine")[3] (c. 1770–1818), was a "charismatic religious leader"[4]: 5 of the Red Stick Creek Indians. According to the historian Frank Owsley, he became "the most ardent advocate of war against the white man, as he believed in the supremacy of the Creek culture over that of the whites".[5]: 273 He traveled to London as a representative of several related tribal groups, unsuccessfully seeking British support against the expansionism of the United States, then was captured and hanged by General Andrew Jackson shortly after his return to Spanish Florida.
- ^ Jackson, Andrew (June 13, 1818). "Letter to an unknown recipient, April 9, 1818". Niles Weekly Register. p. 270.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Millywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Parkwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cox, Dale; Conrad, Rachael (2017). Fowltown. Neamathla, Tutakosi Talofa & the first battle of the Seminoles Wars. Old Kitchen Books. ISBN 9780692977880.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Owsleywas invoked but never defined (see the help page).