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| Judaeo-Spanish | |
|---|---|
| Ladino | |
| |
 Judeoespañol in Solitreo and Rashi scripts | |
| Pronunciation | [dʒuˈðeo‿spaˈɲol] [a] |
| Native to | Spain, Israel, Turkey, Greece (12 reported 2017), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2 as of 2022), Morocco (Ḥaketía dialect), Brazil (Ḥaketía dialect), Algeria (Tetuani Dialect) |
| Region | Mediterranean Basin (native region), formerly also the Americas |
| Ethnicity | Sephardic Jews |
Native speakers | 51,000 (2018)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Mainly Latin alphabet; also Hebrew (normally using Rashi or Solitreo); formerly Greek, Cyrillic and Aljamiado (Perso-Arabic) | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | lad Ladino |
| ISO 639-3 | lad Ladino |
| Glottolog | ladi1251 Ladino |
| ELP | Ladino |
| Linguasphere | … 51-AAB-bd 51-AAB-ba … 51-AAB-bd |
| IETF | lad |
 Historical Judeo-Spanish speech communities in the Mediterranean. Ringed circles represent modern speech communities. | |
Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol, Hebrew script: גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול),[3] also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish.
Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans, Turkey, West Asia, and North Africa) as well as France, Italy, the Netherlands, Morocco, and England, it is today spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in Israel.[4] Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Israel, and France. In 2017, it was formally recognised by the Royal Spanish Academy.[5]
The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish, and it has numerous elements from the other old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula: Old Aragonese, Asturleonese, Old Catalan, Galician-Portuguese, and Andalusi Romance.[6] The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic—especially in the domains of religion, law, and spirituality—and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian.[7]
Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. Judaeo-Spanish has been known also by other names, such as: Español (Espanyol, Spaniol, Spaniolish, Espanioliko), Judió (Judyo, Djudyo) or Jidió (Jidyo, Djidyo), Judesmo (Judezmo, Djudezmo), Sefaradhí (Sefaradi) or Ḥaketía (in North Africa).[8] In Turkey, and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in Turkish, meaning the 'Jewish language.' In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Ladino, Espanyolit or Spanyolit.
Judaeo-Spanish, once the Jewish lingua franca of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans, and the Middle East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in Salonika, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly, and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a language shift. In 2018, four native speakers in Bosnia were identified[9] however, two of them have since died, David Kamhi in 2021[10] and Moris Albahari in late 2022.[11] In some expatriate communities in Spain, Latin America, and elsewhere, there is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Judaeo-Spanish at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Quintana Rodríguez, Alidina (2006). Geografía lingüística del judeoespañol: estudio sincrónico y diacrónico (in Spanish). Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03910-846-6.
- ^ Koen, Hajim Mordehaj (1927). ЛЕКУТЕ ТЕФИЛОТ (ОРАСJОНИС ЕСКУЖИДАС) (in Ladino). Belgrade.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Peim, Benjamin (16 April 2009). "Ladino Lingers on in Brooklyn – Barely". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ Jones, Sam (1 August 2017). "Spain honours Ladino language of Jewish exiles". The Guardian.
- ^ Minervini, Laura (2006). "El desarollo histórico del judeoespañol" [The historical development of Judeo-Spanish]. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana (in Spanish).
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Papowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Thessaloniki Museumwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "The Bosnians who speak medieval Spanish". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
- ^ "In memoriam DAVID KAMHI". University of Sarajevo. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
- ^ "Bosnian Jews mourn Moris Albahari, one of Sarajevo's last Ladino speakers". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
