Junonia coenia

Common buckeye

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Junonia
Species:
J. coenia
Binomial name
Junonia coenia
Hübner, 1822

Junonia coenia, known as the common buckeye or buckeye, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Its range covers much of North America and some of Central America, including most of the eastern half of the US, the lower to middle Midwest, the Southwest (including most of California), southern Canada, and Mexico. Its habitat is open areas with low vegetation and some bare ground. Its original ancestry has been traced to Africa, which then experiences divergence in Asia.[2] The species Junonia grisea, the gray buckeye, is found west of the Rocky Mountains and was formerly a subspecies of Junonia coenia.[3][4]

Caterpillars of these butterflies appear to prefer plants that produce iridoid glycosides, which are bitter compounds that release a hormone called gastrin that activates the digestive system (i.e. hunger); therefore, iridoid glycoside producing plants stimulate and attract their appetites particularly when found in plants like Plantago lanceolata.[5][6] In fact, the presence of these metabolites may trigger oviposition behaviors in female butterflies so that descendant larval bodies may better incorporate iridoid glycosides.[7] Iridoid glycolyside metabolites appear to have a growth-stimulating effect on caterpillars but a growth-reducing effect on predators. Predators like ants, wasps, birds, and small animals prefer to feed on iridoid glycoside poor caterpillars rather than iridoid glycoside rich larvae, potentially due to these effects.[8][9] Therefore, immunity of J. coenia larvae to predators like ants appears to be strongly related to the concentration of iridoid glycosides sequestered in their bodies.[10] However, too much iridoid glycosides in the diet can negatively affect the immune response of these larvae and lead to increased susceptibility to parasitism.[11]

Common Buckeye (Junonia coenia) anterior view
Common Buckeye - wings in closed position

Adult butterflies feed on flowers with certain pollinator cues: yellow flowers that are "pre-change", or flowers whose color has not been changed due to insect visitation or other factors.[12] Common buckeye caterpillars feed in isolation rather than relying upon grouping behaviors.[13] Vulnerability to the Junonia coenia densovirus is another concern for survivorship of common buckeye larvae.[14]

  1. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Junonia coenia Common Buckeye". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
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  6. ^ Beneforce.com. “Iridoid Glycosides Information.” Uses, Benefits, Properties, and Effects of Iridoid Glycosides, Iridoid Glycosides as a Medicinal Constituent, Beneforce, www.beneforce.com/Constituent/Constituent-pages/iridoid-glycosides.htm.
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