Kalmyk Khanate

Kalmyk Khanate
Kalmyk: Хальмг хана улс
Kalmyk Khanate Kalmyk: Хальмг хана улс
1630–1771
	Banner granted by Elizabeth of Russia to Donduk Dashi as a Khan of Kalmykia
	State Seal of Ayuka Khan:;
	Map of the Kalmyk Khanate
Status	Khanate
Capital	Ayuka Khan's residence (1697–1724)
Common languages	Kalmyk, Russian
Religion	Tibetan Buddhism (Gelug and Karma Kagyu)
Government	Hereditary monarchy
Khan
• 1633–1644	Kho Orluk (first)
• 1761–1771	Ubashi Khan (last)
History
• Established by the Oirat Mongols	1630
• Annexed by Russia	1771
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Tsardom of Russia
	Nogai Horde
	Astrakhan Khanate
Russian Empire

The Kalmyk Khanate (Kalmyk: Хальмг хана улс, Xal'mg xana uls) was an Oirat Mongol khanate on the Eurasian steppe. It extended over modern Kalmykia and surrounding areas in the North Caucasus, including Stavropol and Astrakhan. During their independence, the Kalmyks both raided^[1] and allied with Russia in turn, engaging in numerous military expeditions against the Crimean Tatars, the Ottoman Empire, neighboring Muslim tribes, and the highlanders of the North Caucasus.^[2] The Khanate was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1771.

^ Forsyth, James (1992). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-40311-5. For over a hundred years the Kalmyk alternately raided the southern borderlands of Russia.
^ "Republic of Kalmykia". Kommersant. 2004-03-10. Retrieved 2007-04-06. "The Kalmyk Khanate reached its peak of power in the period of Ayuka Khan (1669–1724). Protected the southern borders of Russia and conducted many military expeditions against the Crimean Tatars, Ottoman Empire and Kuban Tatars. He also waged wars against the Kazakhs, subjugated the Mangyshlak Turkmens, and made multiple expeditions against the highlanders of the North Caucasus."

[1] Forsyth, James (1992). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-40311-5. For over a hundred years the Kalmyk alternately raided the southern borderlands of Russia.

[kommersant-2] "Republic of Kalmykia". Kommersant. 2004-03-10. Retrieved 2007-04-06. "The Kalmyk Khanate reached its peak of power in the period of Ayuka Khan (1669–1724). Protected the southern borders of Russia and conducted many military expeditions against the Crimean Tatars, Ottoman Empire and Kuban Tatars. He also waged wars against the Kazakhs, subjugated the Mangyshlak Turkmens, and made multiple expeditions against the highlanders of the North Caucasus."

[1]

[2]