Kaneko (written: 金子, 金古, 兼子 or カネコ in katakana) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Akitomo Kaneko (金子 明友, born 1927), Japanese gymnast
- Atsushi Kaneko (カネコ アツシ, born 1966), Japanese manga artist
- Chihiro Kaneko (金子 千尋, born 1983), Japanese baseball player
- Kaneko Daiei (金子 大栄, 1881–1976), Japanese Buddhist philosopher
- Daiki Kaneko (金子 大毅, born 1998), Japanese footballer
- Emi Kaneko (金子 恵美, born 1965), Japanese politician
- Fumiko Kaneko (金子 文子, 1903–1926), Japanese anarchist and nihilist
- Genjirō Kaneko (金子 原二郎, born 1944), Japanese politician
- Hajime Kaneko (兼子 一, 1906–1973), Japanese jurist
- Hiromi Kaneko (金子 広美, born 1980), Japanese cyclist
- Hisashi Kaneko (金子 久, born 1959), Japanese footballer
- Hitomi Kaneko (金子 仁美), Japanese classical composer
- Kaneko Ietada (金子 家忠, 1138–1216), Japanese samurai
- Ippei Kaneko (金子 一平, 1913–1989), Japanese politician, finance minister 1978-79
- Jun Kaneko (金子 潤, born 1942), Japanese ceramic artist living in the United States
- Jutok Kaneko (1958–2007), Japanese musician
- Kazuma Kaneko (金子 一馬, born 1964), Japanese video game artist and designer
- Kazuyoshi Kaneko (金子 一義, born 1942), Japanese politician
- Kaneko Kentarō (金子 堅太郎, 1853–1942), Japanese diplomat
- Keisuke Kaneko (金子 圭輔, born 1985), Japanese baseball player
- Kuniyoshi Kaneko (金子 國義, 1936–2015), Japanese painter, illustrator and photographer
- Makoto Kaneko (disambiguation), multiple people
- Mari Kaneko (金子 真理, born 1972), Japanese karateka and mixed martial artist
- Masaaki Kaneko (金子 正明, born 1940), Japanese sport wrestler
- Masahiro Kaneko (金子 昌広, born 1991), Japanese footballer
- Masaki Kaneko (金子 雅紀, born 1992), Japanese swimmer
- Masaru Kaneko (金子 勝, born 1952), Japanese Marxian economist
- Megumi Kaneko (金子 恵美, born 1978), Japanese politician
- Misuzu Kaneko (金子 みすゞ, 1903–1930), Japanese poet and songwriter
- Mitsuharu Kaneko (金子 光晴, 1895–1975), Japanese poet and painter
- Munehiro Kaneko (金子 宗弘, born 1968), Japanese decathlete
- Noboru Kaneko (金子 昇, born 1974), Japanese actor
- Nobuaki Kaneko (金子 信昭, born 1981), Japanese drummer and actor
- Nobuo Kaneko (金子 信雄, 1923–1995), Japanese actor
- Ree Kaneko (born 1946), American artist
- Rie Kaneko (金子 理江, born 1997), Japanese gravure idol, model and singer
- Ryūichi Kaneko (金子 隆一, 1948–2021)), Japanese critic and historian of photography
- Seiji Kaneko (金古 聖司, born 1980), Japanese footballer
- Kaneko Shinzaemon (金子 新左衛門), Japanese samurai
- Shigeji Kaneko (金子 繁治, 1931–2016), Japanese boxer
- Shinji Kaneko (金子 慎二, born 1987), Japanese footballer
- Shohei Kaneko (金子 宗平, 1937–2006), Japanese discus thrower
- Shota Kaneko (金子 翔太, born 1995), Japanese footballer
- Shusuke Kaneko (金子 修介, born 1955), Japanese screenwriter and film director
- Tadashi Kaneko (兼子 正, died 1942), Japanese World War II flying ace
- Takatoshi Kaneko (金子 貴俊, born 1978), Japanese actor
- Takeshi Kaneko (金子 丈, born 1993), Japanese baseball player
- Takuro Kaneko (金子 拓郎, born 1997), Japanese footballer
- Tōta Kaneko (金子 兜太, born 1919), Japanese writer
- Tsuyoshi Kaneko (金子 剛, born 1983), Japanese footballer
- Yasuji Kaneko (金子 安次, 1920–2010), ex-soldier of the Imperial Japanese Army, known for his extensive war crimes testimony
- Yoshinori Kaneko (金子 柱憲, born 1961), Japanese golfer
- Yōzō Kaneko (金子 養三, 1882–1941), Japanese general
- Yuji Kaneko (金子 侑司, born 1990), Japanese baseball player
- Yūki Kaneko (金子 有希, born 1987), Japanese voice actress
- Yuki Kaneko (footballer) (金子 勇樹, born 1982), Japanese footballer
- Yuki Kaneko (badminton) (金子 祐樹, born 1994), Japanese badminton player
- Yusuke Kaneko (金子 祐介, born 1976), Japanese ski jumper
- Yutaka Kaneko (footballer) (金子 豊, born 1979), Japanese footballer
- Yutaka Kaneko (wrestler) (兼子 隆, born 1933), Japanese sport wrestler
- Zenjiro Kaneko (金子 善次郎, born 1943), Japanese politician
- Isamu Kaneko (金子 勇, 1970–2013), Japanese software programmer, developer of Winny file-sharing program