Karanam

Karanam (Telugu: కరణం) or Karnam was an office and title native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Traditionally, Karanam was an official who maintained the accounts and records of the villages and collected the taxes.[1][2][3] Karanam was one of the two village-level administrative posts that existed in Andhra along with 'Munasabu' (Munsiff). The Karanam kept an elaborate system of village accounts.[4]

The post was usually held by Niyogi Brahmins,[5][6] and also sometimes by Golkonda Vyapari Brahmins and Deshastha Brahmins.[7][6] In the Godavari districts, Kapus also held the Karanam post sometimes.[8] The title Karanam is similar to Kulkarni in North Karnataka and Maharashtra and Shanbhaug in Karnataka.[9][1][10][11] In 1985, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. T. Rama Rao, abolished the hereditary office of Karanam and instead replaced it with the Village Revenue Officer (VRO).[12][13][14]

  1. ^ a b Community Development and Panchayati Raj Digest, Volumes 3-5. National Institute of Community Development. 1971. p. 334. Patwari / Karanam shall be the additional secretary to the gram panchayat for keeping the record concerning lands
  2. ^ Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 2000. pp. 185, 186.
  3. ^ Brown, Charles Philip (1903). "A Telugu-English Dictionary" (2nd ed.). Retrieved 9 April 2023 – via Digital South Asia Library.
  4. ^ "Karanam, Munisif system to return: CM YS Jagan Mohon Reddy". The Hans India. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  5. ^ Partha Chatterjee (29 November 2011). Lineages of Political Society: Studies in Postcolonial Democracy. Columbia University Press. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-0-231-52791-0. Rao and Subrahmanyam also stress that this specific genre of niti texts was composed and read by the group of scholar-bureaucrats whom they refer to broadly as karanam. These were usually Niyogi Brahmins or Kayasthas who worked as ministers or advisers to minor princes or feudatories in Andhra, Karnataka, and Orissa.
  6. ^ a b Pandey, Alpana (2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4828-5017-8.
  7. ^ Bhavani Raman (2007). Document Raj: Scribes and Writing Under Early Colonial Rule Madras, 1771-1860. University of Michigan. p. 85.
  8. ^ Satish Kumar, Ch. (2014), Caste Mobilisation Processes and Political Power: A Study of Kapus in Andhra Pradesh, University of Hyderabad. pp. 10, 14, Chapter 5.
  9. ^ Trimbaka Nārāyaṇa Ātre (2000). The Village Cart: Translation of T.N. Atre's Gaav Gada. Popular Prakashan. p. 49. ISBN 9788171548637. The last word has probably come to the North from South India since, in Kannada (language), a peasant is called kul and kulkarni is called karnam.
  10. ^ Ruedi Baumgartner; Ruedi Hogger (10 August 2004). In Search of Sustainable Livelihood Systems: Managing Resources and Change. SAGE Publishing India. p. 530. ISBN 9789352802661. The term Reddy, though it has a connotation of caste to it, also meant the headman. The Kannada equivalent is Patel or Gauda. Likewise the traditional village accountant, referred to in Telugu as Karnam or as Shanubhog in Kannada, was responsible for all record keeping.
  11. ^ A. Rā Kulakarṇī (1996). Marathas and the Marathas Country: Medieval Maharashtra. Books & Books. p. 28. ISBN 9788185016481. On the basis of English records, he gives an elaborate account of the village officials like Karnam (village accountant), the role of the Deshastha brahmans etc . which can be compared with similar officials and castes in Maratha country.
  12. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe; Kumar, Sanjay (2012). Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies. Routledge. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-136-51661-0.
  13. ^ Kumar, Ashutosh (2016). Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions Within Regions. Taylor & Francis. pp. 341, 371. ISBN 978-1-315-39145-8.
  14. ^ "MROs' power to reduce under new Revenue Act". The New Indian Express. 17 August 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2023. During the then Chief Minister NT Rama Rao's regime, the nomenclature of 'Karanam' was changed to 'VRO'.