Katipunan

For other uses, see Katipunan (disambiguation) and KKK (disambiguation).

Katipunan
Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan[1]
AbbreviationKKK
NicknameKatipunan
PredecessorLa Liga Filipina
SuccessorDictatorial Government of the Philippines
FormationJuly 7, 1892
FoundersDeodato Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio, Valentín Díaz, Ladislao Diwa, José Dizon and Teodoro Plata.
Founded atCalle Azcárraga, San Nicolas, Manila
DissolvedMarch 22, 1897[2]
PurposeFilipino independence
Location
Membership
30,000[3]
Official language
Tagalog, Spanish
Supreme President
Deodato Arellano (1892–1893)
Román Basa (1893–1895)
Andrés Bonifacio (1895–1897)
Main organ
Kalayaan (1896)[4][5]

The Katipunan (lit. 'Association'), officially known as the Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan[6][7][8][a] (lit. 'Supreme and Venerable Association of the Children of the Nation'; Spanish: Suprema y Venerable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo) and abbreviated as the KKK, was a revolutionary organization founded in 1892 by a group of Filipino nationalists Deodato Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, José Dizon, and Teodoro Plata. Its primary objective was achieving independence from the Spanish Empire through an armed revolution. It was formed as a secret society before its eventual discovery by Spanish authorities in August 1896. This discovery led to the start of the Philippine Revolution.

Historians generally placed the date of its founding in July 1892 shortly after the arrest and deportation of Filipino author and nationalist José Rizal to Dapitan in Mindanao. Rizal was one of the founders of the nascent La Liga Filipina, which aimed for a Filipino representation to the Spanish Parliament. Many members of the Katipunan, including Bonifacio himself, were members of that organization. However, recent discovery of documents of the organization suggest that the Katipunan may have been around by January 1892 but became active by July.[9]

Being originally formed as a secret society, the Katipunan had its members undergo through initiation rites similar to freemasonry.[10] Membership to the organization was initially open only for men; however, women were eventually accepted. The Katipunan had a short-lived publication, Kalayaan (lit. 'Freedom'), which only saw printing in March 1896. During its existence, revolutionary ideals and works flourished, and Filipino literature was expanded by some of its prominent members.

Existing documents suggest that the Katipunan planned for an armed revolution since its founding, and initially sought for support from Filipino intellectuals. In one such incident, Bonifacio planned a rescue for the deported José Rizal in Dapitan in exchange for his support to the revolution, to which Rizal refused. An attempt to secure firearms from a visiting Japanese warship in May 1896 failed to gain anything.[11] In August that year, Spanish authorities in Manila discovered the organization. Days after, the Katipunan, led by Bonifacio, openly declared war to the Spanish government, starting a three-year long revolution.

  1. ^ a b "Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. March 25, 2013. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference jose1992 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ "World of 1898: International Perspectives on the Spanish American War". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference newspaper1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference newspaper2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Thomas, Megan C. (2007). "K Is for De-Kolonization: Anti-Colonial Nationalism and Orthographic Reform". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 49 (4): 938–967. doi:10.1017/S0010417507000813. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 4497712. S2CID 144161531.
  7. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (May 28, 2021). "Unlearning flag history". Inquirer.net.
  8. ^ Guerrero, Milagros C.; Encarnacion, Emmanuel N.; Villegas, Ramon N. (June 16, 2003) [1996 (published in Sulyap Kultura 1(2): 3–12))]. "In Focus: Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on November 15, 2010.
  9. ^ Richardson, Jim (2013). The Light of Liberty. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
  10. ^ Woods 2006, p. 43
  11. ^ Hirama, Yoichi (1994). "The Philippine Independence War (1896–98) and Japan" (PDF). XX International Colloquium of Military History Warsaw Poland: 197–199. Retrieved September 14, 2020.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).