Kawashima (written: 川島, 川嶋, pronounced [kaɰaɕima]) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Ai Kawashima (川嶋 あい, born 1986), musician
- Aimi Kawashima (川島 亜依美, born 1990), Japanese volleyball player
- Akira Kawashima (川島 明, born 1979), Japanese comedian, television personality and actor
- Chiyoko Kawashima (川島 千代子, born 1954), voice actress
- Eiji Kawashima (川島 永嗣, born 1983), association football goalkeeper
- Eiko Kawashima (川島 栄子, born 1961),singer/songwriter
- Hiroshi Kawashima (川島 郭志, born 1970), boxer
- Justin Kawashima (born 1970), Japanese–American music producer
- Katsushige Kawashima (川嶋勝重, born 1974), boxer
- Kiko, Princess Akishino, née Kawashima (川嶋紀子, born 1966)
- Keiko Kawashima (川島慶子, born 1959), Japanese historian of science
- Kozo Kawashima (川島弘三, born 1926), ski jumper
- Motohiro Kawashima (川島 基宏), video game composer
- Naniwa Kawashima (川島浪速, 1865–1949), spy
- Naomi Kawashima (川島 なお美, 1960–2015), actress
- Reiji Kawashima (川島 零士, born 1995), voice actor
- Ryuta Kawashima (川島 隆太, born 1959), neuroscientist
- Tokuyoshi Kawashima (川島 得愛, born 1973), voice actor
- Umika Kawashima (川島 海荷, born 1994), singer and actress
- Yasunaru Kawashima, cardiothoracic surgeon who pioneered the Kawashima procedure
- Yoshiko Kawashima (川島 芳子, 1907–1948) Manchu princess and spy
- Yukiko Kawashima (川島 有紀子, born 1996), Japanese ice hockey player
- Yuzo Kawashima (川島雄三, 1918–1963), filmmaker