Kelimutu

Kelimutu
Crater lake at Kelimutus summit
Highest point
Elevation	1,639 m (5,377 ft)[1]
Listing	List of volcanoes in Indonesia Spesial Ribu
Coordinates	8°46′S 121°49′E / 8.77°S 121.82°E / -8.77; 121.82
Geography
Kelimutu Kelimutu
Location	Ende Regency, Flores Island, Indonesia
Geology
Mountain type	Complex volcano
Last eruption	June to July 1968[1]

Kelimutu (pronounced [kəliˈmutu]) is a volcano close to the small town of Moni in central Flores island in Indonesia. It is around 50 km (31 mi) to the east of Ende, Indonesia, the capital of Ende regency in East Nusa Tenggara province. It has three volcanic crater lakes that differ in color. Tiwi Ata Mbupu, on the western side of the island is blue in color while Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Tai and Tiwu Ata Polo are usually colors of green and red. These lakes shift color due to changes that occur within the geology and chemistry of the volcano.

The science of the Kelimutu lakes is relatively well-known,^[2] and the changes in color and temperature are concluded to be related to volcanic activity and the resulting fluid flux at vents at the bottom of the lakes.^[3] The Lake colors periodically change due to adjustments in the oxidation-reduction status of the fluid of each lake, and also considering the abundance of different major elements, such as iron and manganese. Oxidation-reduction status depends on the balance of volcanic gas input and rainfall rate,^[4] and is thought to be mediated by the groundwater system in the volcano itself.^[5] The colors in the lakes change independently from each other, as each has its own unique connectivity to the underlying volcano's activity. Between January and November 2016, the colors of the craters changed six times.^[6] Although it is widely believed that the changes are unpredictable, it is more accurate to say that the lack of any regular monitoring of the volcanic system precludes scientists from having the data necessary to drive widely available predictive models.