 |
| Knyaz (sovereign) |
| Boyar / Szlachta (noble) |
| Druzhinnik (retainer) |
| Smerd (free tenant) |
| Kholop (slave) |
A kholop (Russian: холо́п, IPA: [xɐˈlop], Ukrainian: холо́п) was a type of feudal serf (dependent population) in Kievan Rus' in the 9th and early 12th centuries.[1] Their legal status in Russia was essentially the same as slaves.[2](p 576) They were sold as any other property of their master until the emancipation reform of 1861.[citation needed] The term kholop was excluded from official use in 1724, but it remains in vernacular use as a type of insult.[citation needed]
- ^ Shemshuchenko, Yuri. "ХОЛОПИ" [holopi ("serf")]. Юридична енциклопедія (Legal Encyclopedia) (leksika.com.ua) (in Ukrainian).
- ^ Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D.C.B.; Suny, Ronald Grigor (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521812276. OCLC 77011698.