Khudai Khidmatgar

Khudai Khitmatgar
خداۍ خدمتګار
FounderAbdul Ghaffar Khan
Founded1929
Dissolved1947
Preceded byRoshani movement
Succeeded byWeekh Zalmian
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left to left-wing
National affiliationIndian National Congress
International affiliationInternational Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties
Labour and Socialist International
Communist International

Khudai Khidmatgar (Pashto: خداۍ خدمتګار, lit. 'servants of God') was an Indian, predominantly Pashtun, nonviolent resistance movement known for its activism against the British Raj in colonial India; it was based in the country's North-West Frontier Province (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan).[1]

Also called Surkh Posh or "Red Shirts" or "red-dressed", this was originally a social reform organisation focusing on education and the elimination of blood feuds.[2] it was known as the Anjuman-e-Islah-e Afghania (society for the reformation of Afghans/Pashtoons). The movement was led by Abdul Ghaffar Khan, known locally as Bacha Khan, Badshah Khan, or Sarhadi Gandhi.[3]

It gradually became more political as its members were being targeted by the British Raj. By 1929 its leadership was exiled from the province and large numbers were arrested. Seeking allies, leaders approached the All-India Muslim League and Indian National Congress; after being rebuffed by the former in 1929, the movement formally joined the Congress Party and played an important role in the Indian independence movement.[4] The cooperation between Muslim Khudai Khidmatgar and predominantly Hindu Indian National Congress concerned the British, who persistently tried to severe this relationship.[5] Due to pressure across India, the British colonial government finally released Bacha Khan and lifted restrictions on the movement. As part of the Government of India Act 1935, a limited male franchise was for the first time introduced in the North-West Frontier Province. In the 1937 elections, the Khudai Khidmatgars won in alliance with the Congress Party. Bacha Khan's brother Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (Dr. Khan Sahib) was elected as the Chief Minister of the NWFP.[citation needed]

The Khudai Khidmatgar movement faced another crackdown for its role in the Quit India Movement after 1940; in that period it started facing increasing opposition from the Muslim League in the province. The Khudai Khidmatgars also won the 1946 elections in alliance with the Congress Party, and Dr Khan Sahib was re-elected as the Chief Minister.[citation needed]

The Khudai Khidmatgars strongly opposed the proposal for the partition of India, siding with the Indian National Congress and All India Azad Muslim Conference.[6][7][8] When the Indian National Congress declared its acceptance of the partition plan without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, Bacha Khan, the leader of the Khudai Khidmatgars, felt very sad and told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."[9]

In June 1947, the Khudai Khidmatgars declared the Bannu Resolution, demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan, composing all Pashtun territories of British India, instead of being made to join Pakistan. However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution.[10][11] In response, the Khudai Khidmatgars boycotted the 1947 NWFP referendum about the province joining Pakistan or India, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.[12][13]

After the partition of India, the Khudai Khidmatgars faced a backlash from the new Pakistani government. The government of the Khudai Khidmatgars was dismissed and their movement banned, with many members of the organisation being targeted in the Babrra massacre that occurred on 12 August 1948. In Delhi, the Khudai Khidmatgar was revived by Faisal Khan in 2011 with a focus on promoting communal amity and aiding in disaster relief; it has a membership of around 5,000 persons.[14][15]

  1. ^ Oxford, Anthropological Society of (1995). Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford. Oxford University Anthropological Society. p. 300.
  2. ^ Stephan, M. (2009). Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East. Springer. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-230-10175-3.
  3. ^ "Red Shirt Movement".(2008) Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 September 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: [www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/494519/Red-Shirt-Movement]
  4. ^ Stephan, M. (2009). Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-230-10175-3. It later developed into a disciplined nonviolent army to fight for the independence of India from the British.
  5. ^ Stephan, M. (2009). Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East. Springer. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-230-10175-3.
  6. ^ Qasmi, Ali Usman; Robb, Megan Eaton (2017). Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1108621236.
  7. ^ "Abdul Ghaffar Khan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  8. ^ "Abdul Ghaffar Khan". I Love India. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  9. ^ Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives
  10. ^ Ali Shah, Sayyid Vaqar (1993). Marwat, Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan (ed.). Afghanistan and the Frontier. University of Michigan: Emjay Books International. p. 256.
  11. ^ H Johnson, Thomas; Zellen, Barry (2014). Culture, Conflict, and Counterinsurgency. Stanford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0804789219.
  12. ^ Meyer, Karl E. (2008). The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery in the Asian Heartland. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-0786724819. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Google Boeken.
  13. ^ "Was Jinnah democratic? – II". Daily Times. 25 December 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lal2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pisharoty2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).