Kingdom of Singapura

Kingdom of Singapura
Kerajaan Singapura
1299–1398
Kingdom of Singapore, with ruins of an old wall still visible in 1825 and marked on this map.
Kingdom of Singapore, with ruins of an old wall still visible in 1825 and marked on this map.
CapitalSingapura[1]
Common languagesOld Malay
Religion
Syncretic forms of Hinduism and Buddhism
GovernmentMonarchy
Raja 
• 1299–1347
Sang Nila Utama
(Sri Tri Buana)
• 1347–1362
Sri Wikrama Wira
• 1362–1375
Sri Rana Wikrama
• 1375–1389
Sri Maharaja
• 1389–1398
Parameswara (Iskandar Shah)
History 
• Founding of Temasek by Sang Nila Utama
1299
• Siege by Siamese forces
1330
• Siege by Majapahit under Hayam Wuruk
1350
• Majapahit invasion and escape of Parameswara to the Malay Peninsula
1398
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Melayu Kingdom
Temasek
Malacca Sultanate
Majapahit
Today part ofSingapore

The Kingdom of Singapura (Malay: Kerajaan Singapura) was a Malay Hindu-Buddhist kingdom thought to have been established during the early history of Singapore upon its main island Temasek from 1299 until its fall sometime between 1396 and 1398.[2] Conventional view marks c. 1299 as the founding year of the kingdom by Sang Nila Utama (also known as "Sri Tri Buana"), whose father is Sang Sapurba, a semi-divine figure who according to legend is the ancestor of several Malay monarchs in the Malay World.

The historicity of this kingdom based on the account given in the Malay Annals is uncertain, and many historians only consider its last ruler Parameswara (or Sri Iskandar Shah) to be a historically attested figure in his role as the first ruler of the Malacca Sultanate.[3] Archaeological evidence from Fort Canning Hill and the nearby banks of the Singapore River has nevertheless demonstrated the existence of a thriving settlement and a trade port in the 14th century, corroborating the eyewitness testimony of Yuan dynasty sojourner Wang Dayuan concerning the settlements of Long Ya Men and Ban Zu upon Temasek.[4]

The settlement developed in the 13th or 14th century and transformed from a small trading outpost into a bustling center of international commerce, facilitating trade networks that linked the Malay Archipelago, India, and the Yuan dynasty. It was however claimed by two regional powers at that time, Ayuthaya from the north and Majapahit from the south. As a result, the kingdom's fortified capital was attacked by at least two major foreign invasions before it was finally sacked by Majapahit in 1398 according to the Malay Annals, or by the Siamese according to Portuguese sources.[5][6][7] The last king, Parameswara, fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula to establish the Malacca Sultanate in 1400.

  1. ^ 1. Linehan, W. (1947, December). The kings of 14th century Singapore. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 20(2)(142), 117, 120. Retrieved from JSTOR; The kings of Singapore. (1948, February 26). The Straits Times, p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG
  2. ^ Miksic 2013, p. 156, 164, 191.
  3. ^ Miksic 2013, p. 154
  4. ^ Abshire 2011, p. 19&20
  5. ^ Tsang & Perera 2011, p. 120
  6. ^ Sabrizain
  7. ^ Abshire 2011, p. 19&24