Knowledge by presence

Knowledge by presence (Persian: علم حضوری, transliterated ilm-e-huzuri^{[citation needed]}) or consciousness is a degree and kind of primordial knowledge in the Illuminationist school of Islamic philosophy. This knowledge is also called the illuminative doctrine of knowledge by presence or al-ilm al-huduri al-ishraqi.^[1] This theory is attributed to Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi. According to this theory self knows himself directly through a kind of cognition.^[2]

^ Yazdi, M.H. (1992). The Principles of Epistemology in Islamic Philosophy: Knowledge by Presence. SUNY series in Islam. SUNY Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7914-0947-3.
^ Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (2003). The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 90. ISBN 978-94-017-0229-4.

[Yazdi_1992-1] Yazdi, M.H. (1992). The Principles of Epistemology in Islamic Philosophy: Knowledge by Presence. SUNY series in Islam. SUNY Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7914-0947-3.

[Tymieniecka2003-2] Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (2003). The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 90. ISBN 978-94-017-0229-4.

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