Kokle

Kokle
Different types of kokles made by Guntis Niedoliņš
String instrument
Other namesKokle[1]
Kūkles, kūkļas, kūkļes, kūklis, kūkļis, kūkle, kūkļe, kūkla and kūkļa (Latgale)[1]
Classification Chordophone[1]
Hornbostel–Sachs classification314.122-5[1]
(Diatonic lute-type stringed instrument played using bare hands and fingers)
Inventor(s)Folk instrument
Related instruments
Kanklės, kannel, kantele, gusli
Musicians
Mārtiņš Baumanis, Nikolajs Heņķis [lv] (1864–1934), Namejs Kalniņš,[2] Pēteris Korāts [lv] (1871–1957), Māris Muktupāvels, Valdis Muktupāvels, Biruta Ozoliņa [lv], Latvīte Podiņa, Laima Jansone [lv], Jānis Poriķis (1909–1992), Aloizijs Jūsmiņš [lv] (1915–1979; concert kokles)
Builders
Nikolajs Heņķis [lv] (1864–1934), Pēteris Korāts [lv] (1871–1957), Gunārs Igaunis [lv], Māris Jansons, Eduards Klints, Ģirts Laube, Krists Lazdiņš, Kārlis Lipors, Imants Robežnieks [lv] (concert kokles),[3] Jānis Poriķis (1909–1992), Andris Roze, Jānis Rozenbergs, Rihards Valters, Edgars Vilmanis-Meženieks, Donāts Vucins [lv] (1934–1999)

Kokle[4][5][6][7] (Latvian pronunciation: ['kʊ͡ɔk.le]; Latgalian: kūkle) or historically kokles[16] (kūkles) is a Latvian plucked string instrument (chordophone) belonging to the Baltic box zither family known as the Baltic psaltery along with Lithuanian kanklės, Estonian kannel, Finnish kantele, and Russian krylovidnye gusli. The first possible kokles related archaeological findings in the territory of modern Latvia are from the 13th century, while the first reliable written information about kokles playing comes from the beginning of the 17th century. The first known kokles tune was notated in 1891, but the first kokles recordings into gramophone records and movies were made in the 1930s.[17] Both kokles and kokles playing are included in the Latvian Culture Canon.[18]

  1. ^ a b c d Muktupāvels 2018, p. 141
  2. ^ "Magic of Latvia's kokle showcased by young maestro". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. December 16, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  3. ^ Sheeter, Laura (October 29, 2005). "Latvia celebrates national instrument". BBC News. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  4. ^ a b Muktupāvels, Valdis (1999). "Systematics of Latvian musical instruments" (in Latvian). Latvijas Mākslas augstskolu asociācija. pp. 96, 100–101. Archived from the original on November 9, 2005. Retrieved March 30, 2017. Kokles, kokle (K; Z; V), kūkles (L), kūkle (L)
  5. ^ a b Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard, eds. (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. The Rough Guide. pp. 16, 19–20 and 24. ISBN 978-1858-2863-5-8. Retrieved March 30, 2017. Baltic psalteries variously called kantele, kannel, kokles or kanklės. (..) Kokles and citara. (...) The Latvian Baltic zither is called the kokle or kokles (...) it's usual to tune the lowest string of a kokles to a drone a fourth below the key note.
  6. ^ Slobin, Mark (1993). Subcultural Sounds: Micromusics of the West. Apa Publications. p. 38. ISBN 978-0819-5626-1-6. "revival" of the Latvian kokle zither (...) interact with the newly emerging kokle (...) the usefulness of kokle-playing
  7. ^ Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris, eds. (2017). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Europe. Routledge. pp. 170, 503–504, 505. ISBN 978-1351-5442-6-9. Retrieved September 30, 2017. The most characteristic and significant instrument in Latvian traditional music is the kokles, a board zither with five to twelve strings. (...) Small plucked zithers include the langeleik (Norway), the kantele (Finland), the kannel (Estonia), the kanklės (Lithuania), and the kokles (Latvia).
  8. ^ Stone, Ruth M., ed. (2017). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The World's Music: General Perspectives and Reference Tools. Routledge. p. 503. ISBN 978-1351-5441-1-5. Retrieved March 30, 2017. kokles Latvian plucked zither, carved from a wooden plank and having five to twelve strings. (8)
  9. ^ Djupsjöbacka, Tove (May 24, 2016). "The kantele – not exclusively Finnish". Finnish Music Quarterly. Retrieved May 24, 2017. The official status of kanteles varies from one country to another. In the Baltic states, these instruments (the kannel in Estonia, the kokles in Latvia and the kanklės in Lithuania) have a firm official status.
  10. ^ Cusack, Carole M.; Norman, Alex, eds. (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill. pp. 351, 362–363. ISBN 978-9004-2218-7-1. Retrieved March 30, 2017. The kanklės known in Latvia as the kokles, and has analogues in the kannel of Estonia, and the kanteles of Finland
  11. ^ O'Connor, Kevin (2006). Culture and Customs of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-0313-3312-5-1. Retrieved March 30, 2017. The most popular Baltic folk instrument is the board zither (psaltery), known as the kannel in Estonian, the kokles in Latvia and the kanklės in Lithuania. (..) the early kannel-kokles-kanklės was a five stringed instrument
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Singing tree was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Bousfield, Jonathan (2011). The Rough Guide to Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania (2nd ed.). Rough Guides. pp. 379 and 381. ISBN 978-1848-3688-8-0. Baltic zithers variously called kantele, kannel, kokles or kankles.
  14. ^ Williams, Roger; Hoefer, Hans (1993). Baltic States. Apa Publications. p. 85. ISBN 978-1848-3688-8-0. The more sophisticated ones such as the kannel/kokles/kankles (...)
  15. ^ [4][8][9][10][5][11][12][13][6][14][15]
  16. ^ Muktupāvels 2013, pp. 12–14
  17. ^ Valdis Muktupāvels. "Kokles and kokles playing" (in Latvian). Latvian Culture Canon. Retrieved January 8, 2018.