Korean War

Korean War
Part of the Cold War and the Korean conflict
Clockwise from top left: A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir Explosion during the Blockade of Wonsan Damaged gate of the Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon A U.S. Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar flying near Chungju Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M46 Patton tank UN landing at Inchon harbor, starting point of the Battle of Inchon
Date 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953[d] (3 years, 1 month and 2 days) Location Korean Peninsula, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Korea Strait, China–North Korea border Result Inconclusive Territorial changes Korean Demilitarized Zone established North Korea gains the city of Kaesong, but loses a net total of 3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi), including the city of Sokcho, to South Korea[15]
Belligerents
South Korea	North Korea
United Nations[a]  United States  United Kingdom  Canada  Turkey  Australia  Philippines  New Zealand Thailand  Ethiopia  Greece  France  Colombia  Belgium  South Africa  Netherlands  Luxembourg Medical support:[5]  Sweden  India  Denmark  Norway  Italy[b][3]  West Germany[4] Other support:  Israel[6]  Taiwan  Japan[7][c] Pakistan[8]  Uruguay[9]  Spain[10]	China  Soviet Union Supported by:  Albania  Bulgaria  Czechoslovakia[11]  East Germany[12]  Hungary[12][13]  Mongolia  Poland  Romania[14]
Commanders and leaders
Syngman Rhee Chung Il-kwon Paik Sun-yup Lee Hyung-geun Shin Sung-mo	Kim Il Sung Kim Tu-bong Pak Hon-yong Choe Yong-gon Kim Chaek †
Trygve Lie Dag Hammarskjöld Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower George C. Marshall Douglas MacArthur Matthew Ridgway Mark W. Clark Walton Walker James Van Fleet George Stratemeyer C. Turner Joy Clement Attlee Winston Churchill	Mao Zedong Zhou Enlai Peng Dehuai Chen Geng Deng Hua Hong Xuezhi Song Shilun Han Xianchu Liu Yalou Joseph Stalin Pavel Zhigarev
Strength
Peak strength (combat troops): 602,902[16] 326,863[17] 14,198[18][19] 8,123[20] 5,455[21] 2,282[18] 2,274[21] 1,496[18] 1,389[21] 1,271[22] 1,263[18][22] 1,185[22] 1,068 [21] 900[18] 826[18] 819[18] 44[21] Medical support and others: 346[23] 170[21] 120[7] 109[21] 100[21] 72[21] Together: 968,302 Total strength[26][27] (combat troops): 1,789,000[24] 1,300,000[25] 56,000 26,791 21,212 17,164 7,420 6,326 5,322 5,100 4,992 3,794 3,518 3,498 3,421 826 110 Medical support and others: 1,124 630 627 623 189 120 Together: 3,257,797	Peak strength (combat troops): 266,600[28] 1,450,000[29][30] 26,000[31] Together: 1,742,000 Total: 2,970,000[32] 72,000[31] Together: 3,042,000
Casualties and losses
Total civilian deaths: 2–3 million (est.)[33][34] South Koreans: 990,968 total casualties[21] North Koreans: 1,550,000 total casualties (est.)[21]

The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was supported by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, while South Korea was supported by the United Nations Command (UNC) led by the United States.^[e] Fighting ended in 1953 with an armistice, with no treaty signed.

After the end of World War II in 1945, Korea, which had been a Japanese colony for 35 years, was divided by the Soviet Union and the US into two occupation zones^[f] at the 38th parallel, with plans for a future independent state. Due to political disagreements and influence from their backers, the zones formed their own governments in 1948. The DPRK was led by Kim Il Sung in Pyongyang, and the ROK by Syngman Rhee in Seoul; both claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea and engaged in limited battles. On 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army (KPA), equipped and trained by the Soviets, launched an invasion of the south. In the absence of the Soviet Union,^[e] the UN Security Council denounced the attack and recommended countries to repel the invasion.^[36] UN forces comprised 21 countries, with the US providing around 90% of military personnel.^[37][38]

After two months, the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA) and its allies were nearly defeated, holding onto only the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, however, UN forces landed at Inchon, cutting off KPA troops and supply lines. They invaded North Korea in October 1950 and advanced towards the Yalu River—the border with China. On 19 October 1950, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) crossed the Yalu and entered the war.^[39] UN forces retreated from North Korea in December, following the PVA's first and second offensive. Communist forces captured Seoul again in January 1951 before losing it to counterattacks two months later. After the abortive Chinese spring offensive, UN forces retook territory up to the 38th parallel, and the final two years of the fighting turned into a war of attrition.

Combat ended on 27 July 1953 when the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed, allowing the exchange of prisoners and creating the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The conflict displaced millions of people, inflicting 3 million fatalities and a larger proportion of civilian deaths than World War II or the Vietnam War. Alleged war crimes include the killing of suspected communists by Seoul and the torture and starvation of prisoners of war by the North Koreans.^{[citation needed]} North Korea became one of the most heavily bombed countries in history,^[40] and virtually all of Korea's major cities were destroyed.^[41] No peace treaty was ever signed, making the war a frozen conflict.^[42][43]

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